–ü—Ä–æ–µ–∑–¥ –ú–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–≤–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
–ü—Ä–æ–µ–∑–¥ –ú–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–≤–∞ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –≤ –û–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—å—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –ß–∞—Å—Ç—å —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã –ù–æ–≤–∞—è, –≤ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü–∞—Ö –æ—Ç —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã –Æ—Ä–∏—è –ì–∞–≥–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –¥–æ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —à–æ—Å—Å–µ, 29 –º–∞—è 1980 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∏–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –≤ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—è –∑–¥—Ä–∞–≤–æ–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è – –ì–µ–æ—Ä–≥–∏—è –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ú–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–≤–∞ (–≥–æ–¥—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏: 1900-1977).
–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ì. –ê. –ú–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–≤–∞:
–ì–µ–æ—Ä–≥–∏–π –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–µ–≤–∏—á —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ —Å–µ–ª–µ –ë–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∞ –£—Ç–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ë—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞, –≤ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–µ–º—å–µ. –û–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤–Ω–æ–ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥—Å–∫—É—é —à–∫–æ–ª—É, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–µ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–µ –≤ –ö–æ—Ä–∂–µ–≤–∫–µ. –ù–∞ –≤—Å—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –ì. –ê. –ú–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–≤ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä–µ–Ω —Å–≤–æ–µ–π —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü–µ –ê. –í. –ü–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–ª–∞ –µ–º—É —Å–¥–∞—Ç—å —ç–∫–∑–∞–º–µ–Ω –≤ —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫—É—é —Å–µ–º–∏–Ω–∞—Ä–∏—é, – –≤ —Å–µ–ª–µ –†–æ–≤–Ω–æ–µ, –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ. –ó–∞–∫–∞–Ω—á–∏–≤–∞–ª –∂–µ –æ–Ω —Å–µ–º–∏–Ω–∞—Ä–∏—é —É–∂–µ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –≤–µ—Å–Ω–æ–π 1918 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –ü–æ—Ç–æ–º –≥–æ–¥ —É—á–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ –ø–µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–µ. –ù–æ –µ–≥–æ —Ç—è–Ω—É–ª–æ –∫ –º–µ–¥–∏—Ü–∏–Ω–µ, –∏ –æ–Ω —Å–¥–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç –≤—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —ç–∫–∑–∞–º–µ–Ω—ã —Å—Ä–∞–∑—É –Ω–∞ –¥–≤–∞ —Ñ–∞–∫—É–ª—å—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ – –º–µ–¥–∏—Ü–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –∏ –∞–≥—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –∏… –Ω–∞ –æ–±–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç.
1919-1920 –≥–≥. –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø–∞–º—è—Ç–Ω—ã –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏—è–º–∏ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã, –Ω–æ –∏ —ç–ø–∏–¥–µ–º–∏—è–º–∏ —Ö–æ–ª–µ—Ä—ã, —Ç–∏—Ñ–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏ –∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–µ –Ω–∏–∑–∫–æ–π —Å–∞–Ω–∏—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–π –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä–µ –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—â–∞–ª–∏—Å—å. –í 1920 –≥–æ–¥—É –∞—Ä–º–∏—è –ø–æ—Ç–µ—Ä—è–ª–∞ 3731 –±–æ–π—Ü–∞, —Å–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö—Å—è –æ—Ç —Ä–∞–Ω, –∞ –æ—Ç —ç–ø–∏–¥–µ–º–∏–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∑–∞–±–æ–ª–µ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π –∑–∞ —Ç–æ—Ç –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥ —É–º–µ—Ä–ª–∏ 174 293 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞. –í–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å—ã –≥–∏–≥–∏–µ–Ω—ã, —Å–∞–Ω–∏—Ç–∞—Ä–∏–∏ —Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∏ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ. –í 1925 –≥–æ–¥—É, —Å –¥–∏–ø–ª–æ–º–æ–º –≤—Ä–∞—á–∞, –ú–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–≤ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–∂–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫—É –≤ –∫—Ä–∞–µ–≤—É—é –±–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü—É, –∞ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –≤ –ú–µ–ª–µ–∫–µ—Å—Å (–î–∏–º–∏—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–≥—Ä–∞–¥) –≤—Ä–∞—á–æ–º, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –∑–∞–≤. —Ä–∞–π–æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–æ–º –∑–¥—Ä–∞–≤–æ–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è.
–í 1932-1939 –≥–≥. –æ–Ω —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º —Å–∞–Ω–∏—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–º –∏–Ω—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–∞—è, –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º –≤—Ä–∞—á–æ–º –±–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü—ã –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ù. –ò. –ü–∏—Ä–æ–≥–æ–≤–∞, –≤–æ–∑–≥–ª–∞–≤–ª—è–ª –∫–ª–∏–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –±–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü—É –≤ –ö—É–π–±—ã—à–µ–≤–µ. –° –∏—é–ª—è 1939 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω –Ω–∞—Ä–∫–æ–º–æ–º –∑–¥—Ä–∞–≤–æ–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –†–°–§–°–†. –ê —Å 11 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1939 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ 1947 –≥–æ–¥ – –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É –Ω–∞—Ä–∫–æ–º–∞, –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –∑–¥—Ä–∞–≤–æ–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –°–°–°–†. –î–æ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä –º–µ–¥–∏—Ü–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –Ω–∞—É–∫, –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–æ—Ä –ì. –ê. –ú–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–≤ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –≤ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –∏ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–æ–≤ –∑–¥—Ä–∞–≤–æ–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –ó–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–π –£–∫—Ä–∞–∏–Ω–µ, –ó–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–π –ë–µ–ª–æ—Ä—É—Å—Å–∏–∏, –≤ —Ä–µ—Å–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∞—Ö –ü—Ä–∏–±–∞–ª—Ç–∏–∫–∏.
–í –≥–æ–¥—ã –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–π –û—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ú–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–≤ –±—ã–ª —É–ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ–º–æ—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –ì–ö–û –ø–æ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ—ç–ø–∏–¥–µ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –º–µ—Ä–æ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏–π. –í –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã –æ–Ω – –¥–∏—Ä–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä –¶–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ù–ò–ò –∏–º. –§. –§. –≠—Ä–∏—Å–º–∞–Ω–∞. –ë–æ–ª–µ–µ 20 –ª–µ—Ç –±—ã–ª –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ö—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –∏ –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª—É–º–µ—Å—è—Ü–∞. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª –∫–∞—Ñ–µ–¥—Ä–æ–π –≥–∏–≥–∏–µ–Ω—ã –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ñ–∞—Ä–º–∞—Ü–µ–≤—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–∞.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –õ–æ–º–æ–Ω–æ—Å–æ–≤–∞
2. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –õ–∏—Ç–≤–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞
3. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è
4. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ—è –õ–∞–∑–æ
5. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö—É—Ç—è–∫–æ–≤–∞