–ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ —É–≥–ª–∞ —É–ª–∏—Ü –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–≥—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –ú–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–µ–π—Å–∫–æ–π
–í –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤ —É–≥–ª–æ–≤–æ–º –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–≥—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –ú–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–µ–π—Å–∫–æ–π –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º —ç—Ç–∞–∂–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω “–î–æ–º –æ–±—É–≤–∏”. –ê, –≤–æ—Ç —Å–∞–º –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å—Å –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ! –°–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ “–ü–æ–¥–≤–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π –æ–ø–∏—Å–∏” –∑–∞ 1855 –≥. –≤ 39 –∫–≤–∞–¥—Ä–∞—Ç–µ 2 —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã (—Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –∫–≤–∞—Ä—Ç–∞–ª –µ—â–µ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è 39-–º) –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ 9 –¥–æ–º–æ–≤: 2 –¥–æ–º–∞ –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π, –±–ª–∏–∂–µ –∫ —É–≥–ª—É —Å —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π, –∏ 6 –¥–æ–º–æ–≤ –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π. –û–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª—Å—è –Ω–µ –ø–æ –∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–π –ª–∏–Ω–∏–∏, –∞ –≤ –≥–ª—É–±–∏–Ω–µ –∫–≤–∞—Ä—Ç–∞–ª–∞. –°–∞–º–∞—è —Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—è—è –¥–∞—Ç–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ñ–ª–∏–≥–µ–ª—è –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç—Å—è –∫ 1843 –≥–æ–¥—É. –í—Å–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –¥–æ–º–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω—ã –≤ 1848 –≥–æ–¥—É. –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–µ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ —É–≥–ª—É —É–ª–∏—Ü –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ —É–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–≥—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–∞—è –∏ –ú–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–µ–π—Å–∫–∞—è, 59/74) —è–≤–ª—è–ª—Å—è —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –º–µ—â–∞–Ω–∏–Ω –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤ –ò–≤–∞–Ω –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á. –í 1848 –≥–æ–¥—É –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –±—ã–ª —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω —É–≥–ª–æ–≤–æ–π “–¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–π –¥–æ–º –Ω–∞ –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –ø–æ–ª—É—ç—Ç–∞–∂–µ —Å —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä—å–º—è –ª–∞–≤–∫–∞–º–∏ –≤–Ω–∏–∑—É”. –ü—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –≤ 1855-56 –≥–≥. –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏: –≤ —é–≥–æ-–∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–º —É–≥–ª—É –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω–∞—è –±–∞–Ω—è, –≤ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ – –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω–∞—è –∏–∑–±–∞, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ª–∞–≤–æ–∫. –ö–æ—Ä–ø—É—Å —Å —Ñ–∞—Å–∞–¥–æ–º –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏–º—ã–∫–∞–ª –∫ –¥–æ–º—É, –∞ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∞—è –ª–∞–≤–∫–∞ —Å —Ñ–∞—Å–∞–¥–æ–º –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–æ-–∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–º —É–≥–ª—É.
–í 1857 –≥–æ–¥—É –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤ –ò.–°. –ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏–ª —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–∞–¥ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–º –¥–æ–º–æ–º –º–µ–∑–æ–Ω–∏–Ω–∞, –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–æ—è –∫ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –∂–µ –¥–æ–º—É –∏ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–µ–∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö —Å–ª—É–∂–±. –°–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ–º–æ–º—É –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç—É –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω–∞—è –∏–∑–±–∞ –∏ –±–∞–Ω—è –ø—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∫ —Å–Ω–æ—Å—É, –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏–º—ã–∫–∞–ª –∫ –¥–æ–º—É —Å–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–∞, –∞ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤–¥–æ–ª—å —é–∂–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±—ã. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –∂–µ –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ —É–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ – 14×131 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–µ–π. –ö 1858 –≥–æ–¥—É –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤ –ò.–°. —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –ø–æ–¥–∞–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫—É –∫ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–º—É –¥–æ–º—É –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ª–∞–≤–æ–∫ –∏ –≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç –∏ –≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–µ–∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö —Å–ª—É–∂–± —Å –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –±—Ä–∞–Ω–¥–º–∞—É—ç—Ä–æ–º. –ï—Å–ª–∏ —Å—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∏—Ç—å –ø–ª–∞–Ω—ã 1857 –∏ 1858 –≥–≥. –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥—ã:
–∞) —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π –∫ –¥–æ–º—É —Å–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–∞;
–±) —Ä–∞–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω—ã –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∏–∑–±–∞, –±–∞–Ω—è –∏ –ª–∞–≤–∫–∏;
–≤) –Ω–µ –æ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∞ –º–µ–∑–æ–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ –∏ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–ª—É–∂–±, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ–º –∂–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –≤ 1858 –≥–æ–¥—É.
–í —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ 1860-—Ö –≥–≥. —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—à–ª–∞ –∫ –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–∞ –ò.–°., –Ω–æ –ø–æ–¥ –æ–ø–µ–∫–æ–π —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—â–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ –ì—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ä–∏—è –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–∞. –û–Ω –∂–∏–ª –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º –¥–æ–º–µ –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –¥–æ–º –æ—Ç —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–µ–º–æ–≥–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞. –°–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ “–û–±—ã–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã” –∑–∞ 1855 –≥–æ–¥, –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤ –ì—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ä–∏–π –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –±—ã–ª —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–∂–∏–ª–æ–º, –∏–º–µ–ª –∂–µ–Ω—É –∏ –¥–æ—á—å, —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–∞–ª —Å–∫–æ—Ç–æ–º. –í 1874 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–æ—à–µ–ª —Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –º–µ–∂–¥—É –º–µ—â–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–º –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤—ã–º –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–º –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–µ–º –∏ –º–µ—â–∞–Ω–∫–æ–π –ë—É–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω–æ–π –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω–æ–π. –ü–æ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è–º “–û—Ü–µ–Ω–æ—á–Ω–æ–π –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –Ω–µ–¥–≤–∏–∂–∏–º—ã—Ö –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤ –∑–∞ 1874 –≥–æ–¥” –∑–∞ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤—ã–º –Ω–∞ —É–≥–ª—É —É–ª–∏—Ü –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π —á–∏—Å–ª—è—Ç—Å—è – –¥–æ–º –ø–æ–ª—É–∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –¥–≤—É—Ö—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π, –¥–ª–∏–Ω–∞ – 7 1 /3 —Å–∞–∂., —à–∏—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ – 6 ? —Å–∞–∂., –∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–π –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–º, –≤–≤–µ—Ä—Ö—É —Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—Ä – 4 –∫–æ–º–Ω–∞—Ç—ã, –æ–∫–æ–Ω –Ω–∞ —É–ª–∏—Ü—É 12, –≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä 9 –∏ —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ –ø–µ—á–∏; –≤–Ω–∏–∑—É 2 –ª–∞–≤–∫–∏ —Å 6 —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏; –¥–≤–µ –ª–∞–≤–∫–∏ –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å —Ç—Ä–µ–º—è —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏, –∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–æ–º, –¥–ª–∏–Ω–∞ – 7 —Å–∞–∂., —à–∏—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ – 4 —Å–∞–∂.; –≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ —Å–∑–∞–¥–∏ –¥–æ–º–∞ –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –¥–≤—É—Ö—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω–æ–µ –∂–∏–ª—å–µ 3×3 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏. –ö—Ä—ã—Ç–æ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–æ–º; –≤–≤–µ—Ä—Ö—É 1 –∫–æ–º–Ω–∞—Ç–∞, 5 –æ–∫–æ–Ω –≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä, 1 –ø–µ—á—å, –≤–Ω–∏–∑—É 1 –∫–æ–º–Ω–∞—Ç–∞, 3 –æ–∫–Ω–∞ –≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä –∏ 1 –ø–µ—á—å; —Å–∞—Ä–∞–π —Ç–µ—Å–æ–≤—ã–π – 3×4 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏. –†–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ – 6 1/2×14 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω. –û—Ü–µ–Ω–∫–∞ – 11053 —Ä—É–±.
–ó–∞ –ë—É–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π –¢.–í. –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∞—è –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–º –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –ª–∞–≤–∫–∞ —Å –¥–≤—É–º—è —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏, –¥–ª–∏–Ω–∞ – 4 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏, —à–∏—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ – 3 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏, —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å—é 1515 —Ä—É–±., —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ – 9×13 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏. –í 1879 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º–∏ –æ–±–µ–∏—Ö —á–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤—è—Ç—Å—è —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –º–µ—â–∞–Ω–∫–∞ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–∞ –ú–∞—Ä–∏—è –ï—Ñ–∏–º–æ–≤–Ω–∞, –ë—É–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –∏ –∫—É–ø–µ—Ü –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤ –ë–æ—Ä–∏—Å –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á. 28 —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è 1881 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ú.–ï. –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ—à–ª–æ –ø–æ –∫—É–ø—á–µ–π –∫ –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤—É –∏ –ë—É–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π. –ü—Ä–∏—á–µ–º, –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π –∑–∞–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª—è–ª–æ—Å—å –∑–∞ –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤—ã–º, –∞ –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π – –∑–∞ –ë—É–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π. 18 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1881 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫—É—é —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤—É –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Ç –º–µ—â–∞–Ω–∫–∏ –†–∞–±–æ—Ç–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –¢.–í. (–≤ –¥–µ–≤–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ë—É–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π) –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫—É –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ª–∞–≤–∫–∏ —Å —Ñ–∞—Å–∞–¥–æ–º –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö –∏ –Ω–µ–∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö —Å–ª—É–∂–± –≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ. 21 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1881 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ–¥–∞–ª –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤ –°.–ë. –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫—É –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ª–∞–≤–∫–∏, —Ö–æ–ª–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–µ–∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö —Å–ª—É–∂–±, –∂–∏–ª–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ –∏—Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ñ–∞—Å–∞–¥–∞ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–π –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ª–∞–≤–∫–∏ –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π. –ö–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å –≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ –Ω–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã—Ö –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö.
–í –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã –Ω–∞ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö —á–∏—Å–ª—è—Ç—Å—è –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ª–∞–≤–∫–∏ –∏ —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã. “–û—Ü–µ–Ω–æ—á–Ω–∞—è –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç—å –∑–∞ 1902 –≥–æ–¥” –¥–∞–µ—Ç –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–æ–µ –∏—Ö –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ. –ù–∞ —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±–µ –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–∞ (—É–≥–æ–ª —É–ª–∏—Ü –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π, 57/80) —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏: –ù–∞ —É–≥–ª—É –æ–¥–Ω–æ—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–π –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–æ–º –∫–æ—Ä–ø—É—Å –ª–∞–≤–æ–∫ (–ø–æ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π – 3 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏, –ø–æ –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π – 11 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω—å); –≤ –Ω–µ–º –¥–≤–∞ –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω–∞ (3×7 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω—å, 3×4 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏), –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ø–æ –¥–æ–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä—É 1902-1905 –≥–≥. —Å–¥–∞–Ω—ã –≤ –∞—Ä–µ–Ω–¥—É –∑–∞ 2200 —Ä—É–±. –∏ 1200 —Ä—É–±. –≤ –≥–æ–¥. –í–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ, —Å–º–µ–∂–Ω–æ —Å –ª–∞–≤–∫–∞–º–∏, –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω –æ–¥–Ω–æ—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Å –ø–æ–¥–≤–∞–ª–æ–º –∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–π –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–æ–º —Ñ–ª–∏–≥–µ–ª—å (3×3 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏); –≤ –Ω–µ–º –æ–¥–Ω–∞ –∫–≤–∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∫–∞—Ä–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º —Å–¥–∞–Ω–∞ –≤ –∞—Ä–µ–Ω–¥—É –∑–∞ 200 —Ä—É–±. –≤ –≥–æ–¥. –ù–∞ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–æ–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–æ–π –¢.–í. (–ø–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º—É –º—É–∂—É –†–∞–±–æ—Ç–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π) –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π, 78 –æ–¥–Ω–æ—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–π –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–æ–º –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω (11×4 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏); –≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–µ –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ (11×4 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏), –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –ø–æ–≥—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ü–∞ –∏ –¥—Ä–æ–≤—è–Ω–Ω–∏–∫. –í—Å–µ –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –∞—Ä–µ–Ω–¥—É –∑–∞ 2060 —Ä—É–±. –≤ –≥–æ–¥.
–ò–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤ 1890-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –≤ –¥–æ–º–µ –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–∞ –°.–ë –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –º–∞–Ω—É—Ñ–∞–∫—Ç—É—Ä–Ω–∞—è –ª–∞–≤–∫–∞ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∫—É–ø—á–∏—Ö–∏ 2-–π –≥–∏–ª—å–¥–∏–∏ –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –ï–≤–¥–æ–∫–∏–∏ –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã, –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–æ–π –æ–±—É–≤–∏ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—â–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ –∏ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫—É–ø—Ü–∞ 2-–π –≥–∏–ª—å–¥–∏–∏ –†–æ–º–∞—à–µ–≤–∞ –ì—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ä–∏—è –ê—Ä–µ—Ñ—å–µ–≤–∏—á–∞, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ª–∞–≤–∫–∞ –ø–æ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–∞–∂–µ –ª–∞–º–ø –∏ –∫–µ—Ä–æ—Å–∏–Ω–∞ —Å–∞–º–æ–≥–æ –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–∞, –Ω–æ –≤ 1896 –≥–æ–¥—É –µ–≥–æ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∞. –° —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –≤ –ü–∞–º—è—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–Ω–∏–∂–∫–∞—Ö –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –æ–Ω —á–∏—Å–ª–∏—Ç—Å—è –º–µ—â–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–º. –° 1898 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –µ–≥–æ –¥–æ–º–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª—Å—è –æ–±—É–≤–Ω–æ–π –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω –∫—É–ø—Ü–∞ –î–æ–ª–≥–∞—à–µ–≤–∞ –ì.–ê., —Å 1908 –ø–æ 1916 –≥–≥. –º–∞–Ω—É—Ñ–∞–∫—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã–π –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ–º–∞ –±—Ä. –ü–∏–Ω–Ω–µ–∫–µ—Ä. –í 1900 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ –¥–æ–º–µ –†–∞–±–æ—Ç–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –¢.–í. (–°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–æ–π) –Ω–∞ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π –±—ã–ª –∫–æ–Ω–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω –ì—Ä–µ–±–µ–∂–æ–≤–∞ –ê.–ò. –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤ –°.–ë. —è–≤–ª—è–ª—Å—è –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–º —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –¥—É–º—ã (1884-1915–≥–≥.), –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º —Å–∏—Ä–æ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å—É–¥–∞ (1891-1899–≥–≥.), —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤—ã (1900-1907–≥–≥.), –∞–≥–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–º –∏ —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤–∑–∞–∏–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–µ–¥–∏—Ç–∞ (1908-1915 –≥–≥.).
27 —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è 1907 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫—É –¥–≤—É—Ö—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å –ø–æ–¥–≤–∞–ª–æ–º –¥–æ–º–∞. –í 1908–≥. –¥–æ–º —É–∂–µ –±—ã–ª –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω. –ï–≥–æ —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤–æ–∑—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –≤ 2 —Ä–∞–∑–∞ –∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞ 20520 —Ä—É–±. –í —ç—Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –±–ª–∏–∂–∞–π—à–∏–º–∏ —Å–æ—Å–µ–¥—è–º–∏ –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–∞ –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π —è–≤–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å –∫—É–ø—Ü—ã –Æ—Ä–∏–Ω—ã (2-—Ö—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –¥–æ–º —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å—é 4830 —Ä—É–±.) –∏ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã–π –¥–æ–º –ü–µ—Ä–º—è–∫–æ–≤–æ–π (2-—Ö—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –¥–æ–º —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å—é 12597 —Ä—É–±., –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç –∞—Ä—Ö–∏—Ç–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ê.–£. –ó–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∫–æ), –ø–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π – —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –º–µ—â–∞–Ω–∏–Ω –°–∞–ª–µ–º–æ–≤ –í.–ì. (2-—Ö—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –¥–æ–º —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å—é 10109 —Ä—É–±.). –î–æ 1906 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è 1-—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∫–æ—Ä–ø—É—Å –ø–æ–¥ –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å—é 2500 —Ä—É–±. –° 11 –∞–≤–≥—É—Å—Ç–∞ 1908 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤ —è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–µ–º —É—Å–∞–¥–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ —É–≥–ª—É —É–ª–∏—Ü –ü–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π, 57/80, 78. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –≤ —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ–º–∞ —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±–∞, —Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–µ –Ω–∞ 2 —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∞, —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –µ–¥–∏–Ω–æ–π. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ 1915 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—à–ª–æ –∫ –µ–≥–æ –∂–µ–Ω–µ –°–∏–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–µ–≤–æ–π –¢.–í. –í 1926 –≥–æ–¥—É –¥–æ–º –±—ã–ª –º—É–Ω–∏—Ü–∏–ø–∞–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω. –°–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ –∞–¥—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ-—Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ—á–Ω–æ–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥–µ “–í—Å—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞ 1925 –≥–æ–¥” –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª—Å—è –æ–±—É–≤–Ω–æ–π –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω –≥—É–±—Ç–æ—Ä–≥–∞. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–∏–π—Å—è –∑–¥–µ—Å—å “–î–æ–º –æ–±—É–≤–∏” –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ.
