–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏—è –ú–∏—Ö–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ì–Ω–∞—Ç—é–∫–∞

–ü—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –æ–¥–∞—Ä–∏–ª–∞ –î. –ú. –ì–Ω–∞—Ç—é–∫–∞ –∑–∞–º–µ—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –≥–æ–ª–æ—Å–æ–º. –í —é–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–Ω –ø–µ–ª —á—É–¥–µ—Å–Ω—ã–µ –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏ —Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –ë—É–∫–æ–≤–∏–Ω—ã. –ü–µ–ª –≤ –ø–æ–ª–µ, –≥–¥–µ –ø–∞—Å –æ—Ç–∞—Ä—É –æ–≤–µ—Ü, –ø–µ–ª –≤ —à–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å–∞–º–æ–¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –∞ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –Ω–∞ –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–µ, –∫—É–¥–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å. –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –æ–ø—ã—Ç –ì–Ω–∞—Ç—é–∫ –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ–ª –≤ –ß–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ü–∫–æ–º –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ-–¥—Ä–∞–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ, –∞ –≤ 1946 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª –≤ –ö–∏–µ–≤—Å–∫—É—é –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é –≤ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–æ—Ä–∞ –ò. –°. –ü–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∂–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ.

–í 1951 –≥–æ–¥—É –ì–Ω–∞—Ç—é–∫ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è —Å–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–æ–º –ö–∏–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ –æ–ø–µ—Ä—ã –∏ –±–∞–ª–µ—Ç–∞ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –¢. –ì. –®–µ–≤—á–µ–Ω–∫–æ. –ï–≥–æ –≥–æ–ª–æ—Å, –ø–ª–µ–Ω—è—é—â–∏–π –±–∞—Ä—Ö–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–π –æ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–∫–æ–π, –∑–≤—É—á–∏—Ç –º–æ—â–Ω–æ, –Ω–∞—Å—ã—â–µ–Ω–Ω–æ. –ê—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç—É –ø—Ä–∏—Å—É—â–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Ä–µ–¥–∫–∞—è –∑–∞–¥—É—à–µ–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –æ—Ç–∫–ª–∏–∫ –≤ —Å–µ—Ä–¥—Ü–∞—Ö —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π. –õ–∏—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –ø—Ä–æ–Ω–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Å–æ–≤–º–µ—â–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Å –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–º –¥—Ä–∞–º–∞—Ç–∏–∑–º–æ–º, —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ–π —ç–º–æ—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ø–∞–ª–∏—Ç—Ä–æ–π, —è—Ä–∫–æ–π —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–Ω–µ—à–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é.

–í—ã–¥–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ—Å—è —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–∞ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π –ì–Ω–∞—Ç—é–∫ –≤ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä–µ: –†–∏–≥–æ–ª–µ—Ç—Ç–æ, –ñ–µ—Ä–º–æ–Ω, –†–µ–Ω–∞—Ç–æ –∏ –ê–º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ä–æ –≤ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ö –í–µ—Ä–¥–∏, –§–∏–≥–∞—Ä–æ –≤ “–°–µ–≤–∏–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–º —Ü–∏—Ä—é–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–µ”, –¢–µ–ª—å—Ä–∞–º—É–Ω–¥ –≤ “–õ–æ—ç–Ω–≥—Ä–∏–Ω–µ”, –≠—Å–∫–∞–º–∏–ª—å–æ –≤ “–ö–∞—Ä–º–µ–Ω”, –û–Ω–µ–≥–∏–Ω –∏ –ï–ª–µ—Ü–∫–∏–π –≤ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ö –ß–∞–π–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ “–ï–≤–≥–µ–Ω–∏–π –û–Ω–µ–≥–∏–Ω” –∏ “–ü–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞—è –¥–∞–º–∞”, “–∫–Ω—è–∑—å –ò–≥–æ—Ä—å”, “–î–µ–º–æ–Ω”. –í –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–π –∏–∑ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–π –ø–µ–≤–µ—Ü –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª–≥–æ –∑–∞–ø–æ–º–Ω–∏–ª—Å—è –∑—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è–º.

–ü–æ–∂–∞–ª—É–π, –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–ª—É—á–∞—è –≤ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–º—å–µ—Ä—ã –æ–ø–µ—Ä –±–µ–∑ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏—è –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞. –û–Ω –ø–µ–ª –≤ “–≠–Ω–µ–∏–¥–µ”, “–¢–∞—Ä–∞—Å–µ –ë—É–ª—å–±–µ” –∏ “–ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª–∫–µ –ü–æ–ª—Ç–∞–≤–∫–µ” –õ—ã—Å–µ–Ω–∫–æ, “–ó–∞–ø–æ—Ä–æ–∂—Ü–µ –∑–∞ –î—É–Ω–∞–µ–º” –ì—É–ª–∞–∫–∞-–ê—Ä—Ç–µ–º–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, “–ú–∏–ª–∞–Ω–µ” –∏ “–ê—Ä—Å–µ–Ω–∞–ª–µ” –ú–∞–π–±–æ—Ä–æ–¥—ã, “–ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π –≤–µ—Å–Ω–µ” – –ñ—É–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, “–£–∫—Ä–æ—â–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–ø—Ç–∏–≤–æ–π” –®–µ–±–∞–ª–∏–Ω–∞, “–ì–∏–±–µ–ª–∏ —ç—Å–∫–∞–¥—Ä—ã” –ì—É–±–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö. –û–ø–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–π —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä –ì–Ω–∞—Ç—é–∫–∞ –Ω–∞—Å—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç —Å–≤—ã—à–µ —Å–æ—Ä–æ–∫–∞ –≤–æ–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ-—Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤.

–í–µ–ª–∏–∫ –∏ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω—ã–π —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞. –ï—Å—Ç—å –≤ –Ω–µ–º –∏ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑—Ü—ã –∫–∞–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–π –ª–∏—Ä–∏–∫–∏, –∏ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Å—ã. –£–¥–∏–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —á—É—Ç–∫–∏–π –∫ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∏–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∞—Ü–∏—è–º, –ø–µ–≤–µ—Ü —Å —Ç–æ–Ω–∫–∏–º –≤–∫—É—Å–æ–º –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–µ—Ç –∏ –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ – –•—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞, –°–≤–∏—Ä–∏–¥–æ–≤–∞, –ë–∞–±–∞–¥–∂–∞–Ω—è–Ω–∞, –û—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö. “–° —É–ø–æ–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –æ—Ç–¥–∞—é—Å—å —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–µ –≤ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–µ ‚Äî —ç—Ç–æ –º–æ—è –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å. –ù–æ –ª—é–±–ª—é –∏ –ø–µ—Å–Ω—é. –í–µ–¥—å –≤ –Ω–µ–π – –¥—É—à–∞ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—à–µ–≥–æ, –∞ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç, –∏ –º–æ—è –¥—É—à–∞”, ‚Äî –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π –ú–∏—Ö–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–∏—á.

–ü–æ–¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∂–µ–º—á—É–∂–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º –ì–Ω–∞—Ç—é–∫–∞ —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ —É–∫—Ä–∞–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –≤—ã–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–π –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–≥ –∞—É–¥–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏. –ò –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–∞ —Ä–æ–¥–∏–Ω–µ –ø–µ–≤—Ü–∞, –Ω–æ –∏ –≤–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –∑–∞—Ä—É–±–µ–∂–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∞—Ö, –≥–¥–µ –ø–æ–±—ã–≤–∞–ª –Ω–∞ –≥–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–ª—è—Ö –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–π –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç –°–°–°–†, –ª–∞—É—Ä–µ–∞—Ç –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–µ–º–∏–∏ –°–°–°–†, –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–µ–º–∏–∏ –£–°–°–† –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –¢. –®–µ–≤—á–µ–Ω–∫–æ, –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–µ–º–∏–∏ –ì–°–°–† –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ 3. –ü–∞–ª–∏–∞—à–≤–∏–ª–∏, –ø—Ä–µ–º–∏–∏ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–º—Å–æ–º–æ–ª–∞ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π –ì–Ω–∞—Ç—é–∫.