–ó–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫—Ä—ã–ª–∞—Ç—ã—Ö –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π – –ü–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç—å –æ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–º —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–µ, –ø–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–æ —Ç–∞–∫ —Å –ø–ª–µ—á –¥–æ–ª–æ–π, –ø–æ—Ä–∞ –º–æ–π –¥—Ä—É–≥ –ø–æ—Ä–∞, –ø—Ä–µ–º—É–¥—Ä—ã–π –ø–µ—Å–∫–∞—Ä—å
“–ü–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç—å –æ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–º —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–µ“
–ù–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω–∞ –ë. –ù. –ü–æ–ª–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ, 1946 –≥–æ–¥.
–ü—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ—Å–≤—è—â–µ–Ω–æ –ø–æ–¥–≤–∏–≥—É –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª—ë—Ç—á–∏–∫–∞ –ê. –ü. –ú–∞—Ä–µ—Å—å–µ–≤–∞ (–≤ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–µ –ú–µ—Ä–µ—Å—å–µ–≤) –≤ –≥–æ–¥—ã –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–π –û—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã (1941 – 1945). –í –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –∏–∑ –≤–æ–∑–¥—É—à–Ω—ã—Ö –±–æ—ë–≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–ª—ë—Ç –ú–∞—Ä–µ—Å—å–µ–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª —Å–±–∏—Ç. –¢—è–∂–µ–ª–æ —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –æ–Ω –≤ —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ 18 —Å—É—Ç–æ–∫ –∑–∏–º–æ–π, –≤ –ª–µ—Å—É, –ø—Ä–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Å–≤–æ—é —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é. –í –≥–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª–µ –µ–º—É –∞–º–ø—É—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –æ–±–µ –Ω–æ–≥–∏, –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –¥–æ–ª–≥–∏—Ö —Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–æ–∫ –æ–Ω –Ω–∞—É—á–∏–ª—Å—è —Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–µ–∑–∞—Ö, –¥–æ–±–∏–ª—Å—è –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –±–æ–µ–≤—ã–µ —Å–∞–º–æ–ª—ë—Ç—ã –∏ –≤–æ–µ–≤–∞–ª –¥–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–∞ –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã. –ê. –ü. –ú–∞—Ä–µ—Å—å–µ–≤—É –±—ã–ª–æ –ø—Ä–∏—Å–≤–æ–µ–Ω–æ –∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ì–µ—Ä–æ—è –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –°–æ—é–∑–∞.
–£–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –∫–∞–∫ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–µ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –∫–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ-–ª–∏–±–æ –≥–µ—Ä–æ—è, —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –≥–æ—Ä–¥—è—Ç—Å—è –ª—é–¥–∏.
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
–ö–Ω–∏–≥–∞ –õ–∞—Ñ—Ñ–∏—Ç–∞, –æ–∑–∞–≥–ª–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è “–ú—ã –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—ë–º—Å—è –∑–∞ –ø–æ–¥—Å–Ω–µ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏”, —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Ä–æ–¥–∞ “–ø–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç—å—é –æ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–º —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–µ” (–û. –°–∞–≤–∏—á, “–ö—Ä–æ–≤—å –∏ —Ü–≤–µ—Ç—ã”).
“–ü–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–æ, —Ç–∞–∫ —Å –ø–ª–µ—á –¥–æ–ª–æ–π“
–í—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–∑ –∫–æ–º–µ–¥–∏–∏ –ê. –°. –ì—Ä–∏–±–æ–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞ “–ì–æ—Ä–µ –æ—Ç —É–º–∞”, 1824 –≥–æ–¥, –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ 1, —è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ 4.
“–î–æ–ª–æ–π” ‚Äî –ø—Ä–æ—á—å, –≤–æ–Ω.
–°–º—ã—Å–ª: –¥–µ–ª–æ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–µ–Ω–æ, –∏ –Ω–µ –Ω–∞–¥–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –±–µ—Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–∏—Ç—å—Å—è, –¥—É–º–∞—Ç—å –æ –Ω—ë–º. –£–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –∏—Ä–æ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –∫—Ä–∏—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –≤ —Ç–µ—Ö —Å–ª—É—á–∞—è—Ö, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∫ –¥–µ–ª—É –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—è—Ç—Å—è —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ, –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ, —Å–ø–µ—à–∞—Ç –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏—Ç—å –∏ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –æ—Ç –Ω–µ–≥–æ.
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
–Ø –≤–µ–¥—å –ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏–ª —Ç–µ–±—è –µ—â—ë —Ä–∞–∑ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä–∏—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ —Ä–∞—Å—á—ë—Ç—ã. –ê —Ç—ã –æ–±—Ä–∞–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è: “–ø–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–æ, —Ç–∞–∫ —Å –ø–ª–µ—á –¥–æ–ª–æ–π!” –ê —Ç–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –≤—ã—è—Å–Ω—è–µ—Ç—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–º –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∞.
“–ü–æ—Ä–∞, –º–æ–π –¥—Ä—É–≥, –ø–æ—Ä–∞“
–í—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–∑ —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ê. –°. –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω–∞ “–ü–æ—Ä–∞, –º–æ–π –¥—Ä—É–≥, –ø–æ—Ä–∞! –ø–æ–∫–æ—è —Å–µ—Ä–¥—Ü–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏—Ç…”, 1834 –≥–æ–¥.
–°–º—ã—Å–ª: –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å —á—Ç–æ-–ª–∏–±–æ. –ì–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è—Ç –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ —à—É—Ç–ª–∏–≤–æ, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –∑–∞ –¥–µ–ª–æ.
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
–ü–æ—Ä–∞, –º–æ–π –¥—Ä—É–≥, –ø–æ—Ä–∞! –•–≤–∞—Ç–∏—Ç –æ—Ç–¥—ã—Ö–∞—Ç—å, —Å–∞–¥–∏—Å—å –∑–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–∏–∫–∏.
“–ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º –º–æ–∂–µ—à—å —Ç—ã –Ω–µ –±—ã—Ç—å, –Ω–æ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–º –±—ã—Ç—å –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω“
–í—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–∑ —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ù. –ê. –ù–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ–≤–∞ “–ü–æ—ç—Ç –∏ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω”, 1856 –≥–æ–¥.
–í —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–∞ –ù. –ê. –ù–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ–≤–∞ (1821 – 1877) —Ä–∞–∑–¥—É–º—å—è –æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–∞ –∏ –ø–æ—ç–∑–∏–∏ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ. –ù–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª —É–±–µ–∂–¥—ë–Ω –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ—ç—Ç –Ω–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç —Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç—å –≤ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ –æ—Ç –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏, –æ–Ω –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ —Ä–µ–∞–≥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–∏–µ —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏—è, –±—ã—Ç—å –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º – –æ–±–ª–∏—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º, –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º – –±–æ—Ä—Ü–æ–º.
–£–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ –≤ –ø—É–±–ª–∏—Ü–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∫–µ –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ø—Ä–∏–∑—ã–≤–∞ (–ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –∫ –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—è–º –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä—ã, –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è–º) –∫ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∞–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏—é –≤ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –∫ –±–æ—Ä—å–±–µ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–µ—Å—Å.
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä—ã –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
1) –ú—ã —Å –¥–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø–æ–º–Ω–∏–º, —á—Ç–æ “–ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º –º–æ–∂–µ—à—å —Ç—ã –Ω–µ –±—ã—Ç—å, –Ω–æ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–º –±—ã—Ç—å –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω”. –°–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è –º—ã –∫–∞–∫ –Ω–∏–∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Ö–æ—Ç–∏–º, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —ç—Ç–∏ –¥–≤–∞ –ø–æ–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ —Å–ª–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º —Ç—Ä—É–¥–µ (–í. –ö–µ—Ç–ª–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è, “–ù–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ–¥–Ω–∏–µ –º–µ—á—Ç–∞–Ω–∏—è”);
2) –ï—Å–ª–∏ –º—ã –±—É–¥–µ–º –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç—å –æ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö, –æ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –∏ –∫–∞–∫ –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –∏–∑ –Ω–∞—Å –≤–∏–¥–µ–ª, –ø–æ–Ω—è–ª –∏ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –æ–±–æ–±—â–∏–ª —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç—ã, – —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–∞–π–¥—ë—Ç—Å—è –∏ –º–Ω–µ —á—Ç–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å, –∏–±–æ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º –º–æ–∂–µ—à—å —Ç—ã –Ω–µ –±—ã—Ç—å, –Ω–æ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–º –±—ã—Ç—å –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω (–°. –ó–∞–ª—ã–≥–∏–Ω, “–û –Ω–µ–Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ö”).
“–ü—Ä–µ–º—É–¥—Ä—ã–π –ø–µ—Å–∫–∞—Ä—å“
–ù–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å–∞—Ç–∏—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–∫–∞–∑–∫–∏ –ú. –ï. –°–∞–ª—Ç—ã–∫–æ–≤–∞-–©–µ–¥—Ä–∏–Ω–∞, 1883 –≥–æ–¥.
“–ü—Ä–µ–º—É–¥—Ä—ã–π” ‚Äî –∑–¥–µ—Å—å: —Å–ª–∏—à–∫–æ–º —É–º–Ω—ã–π.
“–ü–µ—Å–∫–∞—Ä—å” ‚Äî –º–∞–ª–µ–Ω—å–∫–∞—è —Ä–µ—á–Ω–∞—è —Ä—ã–±–∫–∞.
–í —Å–∫–∞–∑–∫–µ –°–∞–ª—Ç—ã–∫–æ–≤–∞-–©–µ–¥—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ –ø–µ—Å–∫–∞—Ä–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –≤—Å—é —Å–≤–æ—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏–¥–µ–ª –≤ —Ç—ë–º–Ω–æ–π –Ω–æ—Ä–µ, –Ω–µ —Ä–µ—à–∞—è—Å—å –≤—ã–ª–µ–∑—Ç–∏ –∏–∑ –Ω–µ—ë, —Ç–∞–∫ –∫–∞–∫ –±–æ—è–ª—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ–ø–∞–¥—ë—Ç –≤ —Å–µ—Ç–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ —Å—ä–µ—Å—Ç –±–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è —Ä—ã–±–∞. –¢–∞–∫ –æ–Ω –∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∂–∏–ª –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –≤ –Ω–æ—Ä–µ, –∏ —É–º–µ—Ä —Ç–∞–º –≤ –æ–¥–∏–Ω–æ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ, –Ω–∏—á–µ–≥–æ –≤ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ —É–≤–∏–¥–µ–≤ –∏ –Ω–µ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–≤.
–ì–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è—Ç –æ —Ç—Ä—É—Å–ª–∏–≤—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥—è—Ö, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∏ –≤ —á—ë–º –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç—å —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏—è –∏–∑ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞, —á—Ç–æ —Å –Ω–∏–º–∏ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç —á—Ç–æ-–ª–∏–±–æ —Å–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å—Å—è, –Ω–æ –≤—Å—ë —Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ —Ç–µ—Ä–ø—è—Ç –Ω–µ—É–¥–∞—á—É.
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
–û–Ω, –∫–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–µ–º—É–¥—Ä—ã–π –ø–µ—Å–∫–∞—Ä—å, –±–æ—è–ª—Å—è –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ, —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞–ª—Å—è –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã–º–∏, –∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥–∞–º–∏, –Ω–æ —ç—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–ª–æ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∫ —Ç–æ–º—É, —á—Ç–æ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏–º–æ–µ –∏–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É —É—Ä–æ–≤–Ω—é –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ –æ—Ç –Ω–µ–≥–æ.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –ù–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–ª–æ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø–µ—Å–Ω–µ
2. –ú—ã —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω—ã, —á—Ç–æ–± —Å–∫–∞–∑–∫—É —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –±—ã–ª—å—é
3. –ú—É–∑–∞ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∏–π
4. –ú–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞—è –≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–∏—è
5. –ú–µ–¥–≤–µ–∂—å—è —É—Å–ª—É–≥–∞