–°—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ –î—Ä–∞–º—ã –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
4 –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª—è 1886 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∞ “–û–± –∏—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –±—Ä–æ–¥—è—á–∏—Ö —Å–æ–±–∞–∫”, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –¥—É–º–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª–∞ –∫ –æ–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º—É –æ–±—Å—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é –¥–æ–∫–ª–∞–¥–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤—ã “–û —Å–ª–æ–º–µ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–≥–æ –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –∑–∏–º–Ω–µ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ –∏ –æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–µ –¥–ª—è —Å–µ–≥–æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ”. –ù–∞ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π —à–∞–≥ ‚Äî —Å–ª–æ–º–∞—Ç—å –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å ‚Äî —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤—É, –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ, –ø–æ–¥–≤–∏–≥–ª–∞ –Ω–∞–≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–µ… –±–µ–∑–≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ü–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —á—Ç–æ —É–∫—Ä–∞—à–∞–≤—à–∏–π —Ç—Ä–∏–¥—Ü–∞—Ç—å –æ–¥–∏–Ω –≥–æ–¥ –ü–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π—Å–∫—É—é –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—å –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–π “—Ö—Ä–∞–º –º—É–∑” –∫ —Ç–æ–º—É –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª –≤ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ –∞–≤–∞—Ä–∏–π–Ω–æ–µ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∏–µ, —á—Ç–æ “…–¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ—é —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å, —Ç–∞–∫ –∫–∞–∫ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –µ–≥–æ –æ—Ç–≤–µ—á–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ–ª—å–∑—è”. –í–µ—Ç—Ö–æ—Å—Ç—å –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –≥–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–∞—è “–≥—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥–Ω–∞—è –Ω–µ—É–¥–æ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫–∞–∫ –≤ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–º, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ –≥–∏–≥–∏–µ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö” –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å—Ç–æ–ª—å –Ω–µ—É—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–º—ã–º–∏, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ–ø—ã—Ç–∫–∏ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã—Ö –¥—É–º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–∫–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –ø—Ä–æ–¥–ª–∏—Ç—å –≤ –Ω–µ–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–ª–∏, –Ω–∞ —Ö—É–¥–æ–π –∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü, –ø—Ä–∏—Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–∏—Ç—å –¥–ª—è –∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å –∏–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –Ω—É–∂–¥ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç—â–µ—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏. –í–∏–¥ –æ—Ç —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–∏ –Ω–∞ –ü–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π—Å–∫—É—é –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—å, –≥–¥–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª—Å—è –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–π “—Ö—Ä–∞–º –º—É–∑”:
–°–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω—ã–º —Ç–æ–ª—á–∫–æ–º –∫ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –∫–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–µ –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∞ –æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ –±—ã–ª–æ, –∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ, –∏ —Å–∞–º–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –±—É—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ-—ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ª–∏—Ö–æ—Ä–∞–¥–∫–∏. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å —Å–ª–µ–¥—É–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–ø–æ–º–Ω–∏—Ç—å –æ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –≤ 1880 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –º–æ—Å—Ç —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –í–æ–ª–≥—É —É –°—ã–∑—Ä–∞–Ω–∏, –≤ 1887 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–µ—Ç –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å–µ–∫–∞—é—â–∞—è –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—é —Å –∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∫ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–∞—è –≤–µ—Ç–∫–∞ –ë–∞—Ç—Ä–∞–∫–∏‚Äî–û—Ä–µ–Ω–±—É—Ä–≥, –∞ –≤ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–º ‚Äî –∑–∞–∫–∞–Ω—á–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–æ-–£—Ñ–∏–º—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏… –ù–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü, –µ—â–µ –æ–¥–Ω–∞ –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –≤–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–∞: –∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–µ—Å—Å–∏–≤–Ω–æ –º—ã—Å–ª—è—â–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π, –¥–ª—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∫ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏—é –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫, –º—É–∑–µ–π–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–µ–ª–∞ –∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–≤–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Ç—â–µ—Å–ª–∞–≤–∏—è –∏ –º–µ—Ü–µ–Ω–∞—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –∞ –¥—É—Ö–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –∏ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –¥–æ–ª–≥–æ–º. –î–≤–æ–µ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Å–∞–º–æ–µ –∞–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–µ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ – –ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω –∏ –ö. –ö. –ü–æ–∑–µ—Ä–Ω.
–ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω ‚Äî —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫ –¥–≤—É—Ö –≤–æ–π–Ω, –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∫, —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–ª–∏–≤—ã–π –∫—Ä–∞–µ–≤–µ–¥, —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∏–Ω—ã –∏ –Ω–µ—É—Ç–æ–º–∏–º—ã–π –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–π. –ò –µ—â–µ ‚Äî –ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω –±—ã–ª —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–µ–ª–µ–≥–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–ª–∞ –±–æ–ª–≥–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º –æ–ø–æ–ª—á–µ–Ω—Ü–∞–º –∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç–æ–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞–º—è, —Å—Ç–∞–≤—à–µ–µ —Å–≤—è—â–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π, –Ω–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Ä–µ–ª–∏–∫–≤–∏–µ–π –±–æ–ª–≥–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –ö. –ö. –ü–æ–∑–µ—Ä–Ω, –ø–æ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É –ê. –ê. –°–º–∏—Ä–Ω–æ–≤–∞, –ø–æ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ –±—ã–ª –≤—ã–Ω—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω –ø–æ–∫–∏–Ω—É—Ç—å –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∫ –ù–µ—á–∞–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º—É –¥–µ–ª—É –∏ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, –≥–¥–µ –≤—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª –≤ —Å–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—è–∂–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–ª—Å—è –æ–¥–Ω–∏–º –∏–∑ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–µ–π—à–∏—Ö –∞–¥–≤–æ–∫–∞—Ç–æ–≤ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è –∏ –≤–∏–¥–Ω—ã–º –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–µ—Å—Å–∏–≤–Ω—ã–º –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º. –í–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –≤—Ä–∞—á–æ–º-–ø—É–±–ª–∏—Ü–∏—Å—Ç–æ–º –í. –û. –ü–æ—Ä—Ç—É–≥–∞–ª–æ–≤—ã–º –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ –≤ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–π ‚Äî –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ ‚Äî –∏ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∫–∏ –ª–µ—Ç —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –≤ “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ø–æ–æ—â—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è”, –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞–≤—à–µ–º –±–µ–¥–Ω—É—é —É—á–∞—â—É—é—Å—è –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–µ–∂—å… –ó–∞ –≤—Å–µ —ç—Ç–æ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—ã —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –ü–æ–∑–µ—Ä–Ω–∞ “–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω—ã–º” –∏ –Ω–µ —Å–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–ª–∏ —Å –Ω–µ–≥–æ –≥–ª–∞–∑.
–°–µ–º—å—è –ö. –ö. –ü–æ–∑–µ—Ä–Ω–∞ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —Ç–µ–ø–ª–æ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –∫ –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–º—É. –í –¥–æ–º–µ –ü–æ–∑–µ—Ä–Ω–∞ –µ–º—É ‚Äî –±–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º—É –∏ –Ω–µ—É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–º—É —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫—É‚Äî –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∞ –∏—Å–∫—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—è—è, –¥—É—à–µ–≤–Ω–∞—è –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∫–∞ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–∂–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å –≤ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ –±—ã—Ç–∞. –ù–æ –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–µ, –ü–æ–∑–µ—Ä–Ω—ã –æ–¥–Ω–∏ –∏–∑ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö —É–≤–∏–¥–µ–ª–∏ –∏ –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –æ–¥–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –ò –æ–Ω –æ—Ç–≤–µ—á–∞–ª –∏–º –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é, –ø–æ—Å–≤—è—Ç–∏–≤ –ú–∞—Ä–∏–∏ –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–µ–≤–Ω–µ –ü–æ–∑–µ—Ä–Ω –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —Ç–æ–º —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑–æ–≤. –ê –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —É–º–µ—Ä –ö. –ö. –ü–æ–∑–µ—Ä–Ω, –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–∏–π –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –Ω–µ–∫—Ä–æ–ª–æ–≥, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –±—ã–ª–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫–∏: “–ï—Å–ª–∏ –∫ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω —ç–ø–∏—Ç–µ—Ç —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–∏–π, ‚Äî –ö–∞—Ä–ª –ö–∞—Ä–ª–æ–≤–∏—á —É–º–µ—Ä —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–µ–π —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç—å—é. –û–Ω–∞ –≤–∑—è–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä—è–º–æ —Å —Ç–æ–≥–æ –±–æ–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞, –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –æ–Ω… —á–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ –∏ —ç–Ω–µ—Ä–≥–∏—á–Ω–æ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–∏–ª—Å—è… –û–Ω –±—ã–ª —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º —á—É—Ç—å –ª–∏ –Ω–µ –ø—è—Ç–Ω–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–∏ –¥—É–º—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏–π… –û–Ω –±—ã–ª —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –û–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ª—é–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –∏–∑—è—â–Ω—ã—Ö –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤… –≠—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–∞ –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å, –ø–æ–ª–Ω–∞—è —Ç—Ä—É–¥–∞, —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–∞—è –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞, –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–µ–≥–æ—Å—è –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–æ–º –∏ —Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–≤—à–µ–≥–æ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ! –ö–∞—Ä–ª –ö–∞—Ä–ª–æ–≤–∏—á —Ç–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å ‚Äî –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ–µ –∏–º—è, –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä —ç–Ω–µ—Ä–≥–∏–∏ –∏ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–µ—Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–µ—Ü –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ–π–∫–æ—Å—Ç–∏…”.
–í–µ—Ä–Ω–µ–º—Å—è, –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ, –Ω–∞ –∑–∞—Å–µ–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –¥—É–º—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –ø–æ–¥ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω–∞, –Ω–µ —Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–≤—à–µ–≥–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–º–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏—Ç—å —Å –ø—Ä–æ–≥–Ω–∏–≤—à–∏–º –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–æ–º, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –¥–æ–ª–≥–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–π, –Ω–∞—á–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö—Å—è —è—Ä–∫–∏–º –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –ö. –ö. –ü–æ–∑–µ—Ä–Ω–∞, –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª–∞: –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ –∑–∞–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å, –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å–ª–æ–º–∞—Ç—å –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä. –í —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –∫–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã–π, –∞ –Ω–µ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –æ—Å–æ–±—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–∏–π –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ. –ê –≤–æ—Ç –≥–¥–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å, –≤ –∫–∞–∫–æ–º —Å—Ç–∏–ª–µ –∏ –∫–∞–∫–æ–º—É –∞—Ä—Ö–∏—Ç–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä—É –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç, ‚Äî —Ç—É—Ç –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–æ—Å—å —Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω–æ –ø–æ–¥—É–º–∞—Ç—å, –≤–∑–≤–µ—Å–∏—Ç—å, –æ—Ç–º–µ—Ç–∞—è –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∫–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π. –í–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–ª–∞ –º—ã—Å–ª—å –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π, –Ω–∞ 800 –º–µ—Å—Ç, –Ω–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—å –†–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏), –±—ã–≤—à–µ–π —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–º —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–æ–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –ù–æ, –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞—è –≤–æ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ –≥—Ä–∞–¥–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤–¥–æ–ª—å –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä –∏, –∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ, —É—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞—è –ø–ª–∞–Ω –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –µ—â–µ –≤ 1853 –≥–æ–¥—É, –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏—è, –∞ –≤—Å–ª–µ–¥ –∑–∞ –Ω–µ–π –∏ –¥—É–º–∞, –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–∏ –∫ —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—é —Å–æ–æ—Ä—É–¥–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä “–Ω–∞ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ –º–µ–∂–¥—É –°—Ç—Ä—É–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–º —Å–∞–¥–æ–º –∏ –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä–µ–º”. –í —Å–∞–º–æ–º –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ¬† –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π‚Äî–§—Ä—É–Ω–∑–µ, –≥–¥–µ –æ–Ω –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–ø–æ–ª—É—á–Ω–æ —Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –∏ –ø–æ —Å–µ–π –¥–µ–Ω—å.
–ß—Ç–æ –∂–µ –∫–∞—Å–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Å—Ç–∏–ª—è, –æ–±–ª–∏–∫–∞ –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è, —Ç–æ —Ç—É—Ç, —Ä–∞–∑—É–º–µ–µ—Ç—Å—è, –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥–ª–æ –±—ã—Ç—å —Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ï–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç—å “—á–∏—Å—Ç–æ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–º”. –ë—ã—Ç—å –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç, –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –Ω–∞ –∫–∞–Ω–¥–∏–¥–∞—Ç—É—Ä–µ –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–æ–¥—á–µ–≥–æ –ú–∏—Ö–∞–∏–ª–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ß–∏—á–∞–≥–æ–≤–∞ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å—Ä–∞–∑—É. –¢–µ–º –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —á—Ç–æ “–∞—Ä—Ö–∏—Ç–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä –ß–∏—á–∞–≥–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–æ–≤, –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä –ö–æ—Ä—à–∞ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ —Ñ–∏–ª–∏–∞–ª –ú–•–ê–¢–∞, –∫—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∏, –≤–Ω–µ—à–Ω–µ —á–µ–º-—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞—é—â–∏–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π‚Äî–ö—É–π–±—ã—à–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π.) –∑–∞—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –æ–±—â–µ–µ –æ–¥–æ–±—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∏–º–µ—è –≤ –≤–∏–¥—É, —á—Ç–æ —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –∏–º –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –ø–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–µ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞, –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ —É–º–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è”. –ú–µ–∂–¥—É –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏–º, –ú. –ù. –ß–∏—á–∞–≥–æ–≤—É –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∏—Ç –∏ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –¶–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –º—É–∑–µ–π –í. –ò. –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ.
–ù–∞ –∑–∞—Å–µ–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –¥—É–º—ã —Å —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ–º –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∞—Ä—Ö–∏—Ç–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –ö. –î. –ì–æ—Ä–¥–µ–µ–≤–∞ –∏ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏–∏ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π “–ø–ª–∞–Ω –∏ —Ñ–∞—Å–∞–¥ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º –∏–∑—è—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º, —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–æ—é –ø—Ä–æ–ø–æ—Ä—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –≤—Å–µ—Ö —á–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π –≤–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ –æ—Ç–≤–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ —Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω–æ–º—É, –≤–≤–∏–¥—É –Ω–µ—Å–æ–º–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –±—É–¥—É—â–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –µ–≥–æ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞—é—â–µ–π”. –≠—Ç–∞ –∂–µ “–±—É–¥—É—â–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å” –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–∏–∫—Ç–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –∏ —É–≤–µ–ª–∏—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∑—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–ª–∞ —Å 800 –¥–æ 1200‚Äî1300 –º–µ—Å—Ç. –ù–æ –≤–æ—Ç –ø–æ –ø–æ–≤–æ–¥—É —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ “–≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–µ–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤—Å–µ—Ö —á–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –∂–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –ª—É—á—à–µ–≥–æ”, –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–≤—à–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç, –∫ —Å–æ–∂–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –æ—à–∏–±–ª–∏—Å—å, –∏ –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω–æ. –ü—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–∏–≤ –∞—Ä—Ö–∏—Ç–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä—É –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç –¥–≤—É–º—è –Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ª–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏—Ü–∞–º–∏, –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∏ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–π –∑–∞–Ω–∞–≤–µ—Å–∏ –∏ –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –∏–∑ –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–µ—Ä–∞, –≥–¥–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ—Ö—Å–æ—Ç –∑—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç, –±—ã–ª —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥. –£–∫–∞–∑–∞–≤ –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å “–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –≤ —Ñ–æ–π–µ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞, –≤ –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–º –∑–∞–ª–µ, –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π, –≤ –ø—Ä–∏–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ–∑–ª–∞—â–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Ä–∞–º–µ, –≤–æ –≤–µ—Å—å —Ä–æ—Å—Ç –ø–æ—Ä—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—è –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –∏ –≤ —Ç–æ–π –∂–µ –∑–∞–ª–µ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å —Ñ–æ–Ω—Ç–∞–Ω, —É–±—Ä–∞–≤ –µ–≥–æ —ç–∫–∑–æ—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏”, –æ–¥–æ–±—Ä–∏–≤—à–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç –Ω–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∏ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å—á–µ—Ç–∞ —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω—ã –∏, –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–µ, –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–ª—è –∏–∑–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –¥–µ–∫–æ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–π!
–ü—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω—ã —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –æ–ø–ª–æ—à–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–±—ä—è—Å–Ω—è–ª–∏—Å—å, –Ω–∞–≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–µ, –±—ã—Ç–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–µ–π –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–æ—á–Ω–æ–π —ç—Å—Ç–µ—Ç–∏–∫–æ–π, –¥–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–≤—à–µ–π –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö –∏ —Ç–µ—Ö –∂–µ –¥–µ–∫–æ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–π –¥–ª—è –æ—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è ‚Äî “–æ–±—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∏” —Å–∞–º—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—å–µ—Å –∏ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª–µ–π. –ò, –∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ, –∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –¥—É–º—ã —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —á–µ–º —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ. –ù–æ, —É–≤—ã, –Ω–∏–∫–∞–∫–æ–π —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏–∏ –Ω–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å. –ù–∞–æ–±–æ—Ä–æ—Ç! –ê—Å—Å–∏–≥–Ω–æ–≤–∞–≤ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ 85000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π —Å –Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥–æ–π —É–ª–æ–∂–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ “–≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–º—É—é —Å–º–µ—Ç—É”, –¥—É–º–∞ –∫ –º–æ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—É –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏—è –∏–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –∏–∑ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –±—é–¥–∂–µ—Ç–∞ —Å–≤—ã—à–µ 160000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π! –ü–æ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –ø–æ–≤–æ–¥—É –≤ “–ü–∏—Å—å–º–µ –∏–∑ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã”, –æ–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–º 18 –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1888 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ “–°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º –ª–∏—Å—Ç–∫–µ”, –Ω–µ –±–µ–∑ –µ—Ö–∏–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ —é–º–æ—Ä–∞ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–æ—Å—å: “–ò–ª–∏ –¥—É–º–∞, –∫–∞–∫ –ü–æ—à–ª–µ–ø–∫–∏–Ω–∞, —Å–∞–º–∞ —Å–µ–±—è –≤—ã—Å–µ–∫–ª–∞, –∏–ª–∏ –µ–µ –Ω–∞–¥—É–ª–∏”. –ü—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞, —Ç—É—Ç –∂–µ —Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ: “–ö–∞–∫-–Ω–∏–∫–∞–∫, –∞ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä –≤—ã—à–µ–ª —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω—å–∫–∏–π, –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∏–≤—ã–π, –∏ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —Å–º–µ–ª–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç–ª–∏–≤–∞ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–æ–º, –≥–æ—Ä–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –∏–º, –ª—é–±—É–µ—Ç—Å—è –∏–º, –¥–∞–∂–µ —á–≤–∞–Ω–∏—Ç—Å—è –∏ –Ω–∏—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–µ –∂–∞–ª–µ–µ—Ç –∑–∞—Ç—Ä–∞—á–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å—É–º–º—ã”.
–û –≤–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª –Ω–∞ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä, –∏, –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–µ, –æ –µ–≥–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–º –æ–±–ª–∏–∫–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –∏ —É–∂–µ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è–º —Ä—É–∫–æ–ø–∏—Å—å –ê. –ê. –°–º–∏—Ä–Ω–æ–≤–∞ “–°—Ç–∞—Ä—ã–π —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä –∏ –±—ã—Ç”: “…–í —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ-—Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–º —Å—Ç–∏–ª–µ, —Ç–µ–º–Ω–æ-–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–µ, —Å –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–º–∏ –∫–∞–∫ –±—ã –º–æ–∑–∞–∏—á–Ω—ã–º–∏, —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ü–≤–µ—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–∞–Ω–Ω–æ –≤–æ –≤–ø–∞–¥–∏–Ω–∞—Ö –∏ –∫—Ä—ã—à–µ–π –≤ –∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ-–∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω—É—é –∫–ª–µ—Ç–∫—É, —ç—Ñ—Ñ–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ –≤—ã—Å–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞–¥ –ø—ã—à–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∫—É–ø–∞–º–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–∞–¥–∞ –∏ –∑–∞ –Ω–∏–º, –Ω–∞–¥ –Ω–µ–æ–≥–ª—è–¥–Ω—ã–º —Ä–∞–∑–¥–æ–ª—å–µ–º –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ ‚Äî –∞–∫–≤–∞—Ä–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –Ω–µ—è—Å–Ω–æ–π –ø–∞–Ω–æ—Ä–∞–º–æ–π –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –í–æ—Ä–æ—Ç. –í–∏–¥ –∏–∑ –æ–∫–æ–Ω —Ñ–æ–π–µ –∏ —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∞—Å—ã –±–µ–ª—å—ç—Ç–∞–∂–∞ –±—ã–ª –∏ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ–¥–Ω–∏–º –∏–∑ —Å–∞–º—ã—Ö –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∏–≤—ã—Ö –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ. –ö —Å–æ–∂–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –≤ 1967 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø—Ä–∏ —Ä–µ–∫–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ü–∏–∏ –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è —ç—Ç–∏ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å–Ω–∏–∂–µ–Ω—ã. –ù–µ—Å–æ–º–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∞ —É–ª—É—á—à–∏–ª–∞ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—É —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞, –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –µ–≥–æ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏, –Ω–æ –Ω–∞—Ä—è–¥—É —Å —ç—Ç–∏–º –±–µ–∑–≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ –æ—Ç–Ω—è–ª–∞ –æ—Ç –µ–≥–æ –≤–Ω–µ—à–Ω–µ–≥–æ –æ–±–ª–∏–∫–∞ –æ–±—ä–µ–º–Ω–æ-–∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—É—é –∏ —Å–≤–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–º—É –∑–æ–¥—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É –ª–∏—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∞—Ä—Ö–∏—Ç–µ–∫—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö —Ñ–æ—Ä–º –∏ –¥–µ—Ç–∞–ª–µ–π. –í –Ω–∞—à–∏ –¥–Ω–∏ –∞—Ä—Ö–∏—Ç–µ–∫—Ç—É—Ä—É –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ 1888 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ñ–∞—Å–∞–¥–Ω–∞—è —á–∞—Å—Ç—å, –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –Ω–∞ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—å –∏–º. –í. –ò. –ß–∞–ø–∞–µ–≤–∞.
–ù–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞—è —Å —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è 1895 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∏ –¥–æ –º–∞—è 1896 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏ “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—ã” –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –µ–∂–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω–æ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å –≥–µ—Ä–æ—è–º–∏ –∏ –ø–µ—Ä—Å–æ–Ω–∞–∂–∞–º–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑–æ–≤, —Å–∫–∞–∑–æ–∫, –æ—á–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤, —Ñ–µ–ª—å–µ—Ç–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –ê. –ú. –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –ò –µ—â–µ –æ–Ω —Ä–µ—Ü–µ–Ω–∑–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞, –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞—è –≤—Å–µ —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–ª–∏–≤–æ–µ, —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –Ω–∞ –µ–≥–æ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–µ –∏ —Ä–µ–∑–∫–æ, —Ñ–µ–ª—å–µ—Ç–æ–Ω–Ω–æ –∫–ª–µ–π–º—è –ø–æ—à–ª–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤ —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä–µ –∏ —Ñ–∞–ª—å—à–∏–≤—É—é –∏–≥—Ä—É –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞–µ—à—å –∏ –≤–¥—É–º—ã–≤–∞–µ—à—å—Å—è –≤ —Ç–µ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å–∏ –ê. –ú. –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ, —è—Å–Ω–æ –æ—â—É—â–∞–µ—à—å, –∫–∞–∫ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ —Ç—Ä–æ–Ω—É–ª–æ –∏ —É–≤–ª–µ–∫–ª–æ –µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –¥—Ä–∞–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ü–µ–Ω—ã, –∫–∞–∫–æ–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∏ –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª –æ–Ω —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä—É. –í–æ –≤—Å—è–∫–æ–º —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ, —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ “—Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç—ã”, –¥—É–º–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è, —Å—ã–≥—Ä–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω—é—é —Ä–æ–ª—å –≤ –µ–≥–æ —É–∂–µ —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∫ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º—É –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤—É.
–°–æ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω—ã –∂–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–µ, –ø—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∏–≤–æ–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ, –ø–æ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é –í. –ò. –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–∞, –æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ “—Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–µ–µ –≤–ª–∏—è–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ—Ö —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π, –≤ –∫–æ–º –µ—Å—Ç—å —Ö–æ—Ç—å –∫–∞–ø–ª—è —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫ —Å–≤–µ—Ç—É –∏ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–µ”, –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∑–≤—É—á–∞–ª–æ 15 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è 1901 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –¢–æ –±—ã–ª —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—å –ø–æ –ø–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ “–§–æ–º–∞ –ì–æ—Ä–¥–µ–µ–≤”, –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏–≤—à–∏–π –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤—Å–µ–º—É –Ω–µ–æ–±—ä—è—Ç–Ω–æ–º—É –≥–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º—É —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ‚Äî–ö—É–π–±—ã—à–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞, –Ω–æ –≤–æ–æ–±—â–µ —Å—Ç–∞–≤—à–∏–π –∑–∞–≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫–æ–π –≤ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–ø–∏—Å–∏ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ–ø–ª–æ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –ê. –ú. –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ.
–í—Å–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –¥–Ω–µ–π –æ–ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–ª —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—å –ø—Ä–µ–º—å–µ—Ä—ã “–§–æ–º—ã –ì–æ—Ä–¥–µ–µ–≤–∞” ‚Äî –≤ “–ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–æ–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ” –ï. –®–∞–±–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π (19 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è) –∏ “–ù–æ–≤–æ–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ” –õ. –Ø–≤–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π (24 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è). –ü—É—Å—Ç—å –Ω–µ –≤—Å–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –∏–Ω—Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ò. –Ø–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–º —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª–µ, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ–µ, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–µ –µ–≥–æ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω—ã –∏ –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π “–ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—ã–π” –±—É–Ω—Ç –§–æ–º—ã –ì–æ—Ä–¥–µ–µ–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–∑–≤—É—á–∞–ª–∏ –∫–∞–∫ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —ç–º–æ—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–µ –∏ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω–µ–µ. –°–∞–º —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ “—Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞” –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç –æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–º. –ü—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ —ç—Ç–æ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–∞, –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –∏ –µ–µ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ –∫ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–º—É –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é –±—ã–≤—à–µ–≥–æ —Ñ–µ–ª—å–µ—Ç–æ–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –∏ —Ä–µ—Ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—ã”. –ö –µ–≥–æ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–º—É –≥–µ—Ä–æ—é ‚Äî –±—É–Ω—Ç–∞—Ä—é, –æ—Ç—á–∞—è–Ω–Ω–æ –æ–±–ª–∏—á–∞–≤—à–µ–º—É –ø–æ—Å—Ç—ã–ª—É—é —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–∞—à–µ—Å–∫—É—é –∫—É–ø–µ—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å.
–í –¥–µ–Ω—å –ø—Ä–µ–º—å–µ—Ä—ã “–î–∞—á–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤” “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç–∞” –Ω–∞–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∏—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –æ–±—ä—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª–µ, –Ω–æ –∏ –æ–±—à–∏—Ä–Ω—É—é —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å—é “–ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–∏–π –æ–± –∏–Ω—Ç–µ–ª–ª–∏–≥–µ–Ω—Ü–∏–∏”. –í –Ω–µ–π –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –æ –ø—å–µ—Å–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –∫–∞–∫ “–ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –Ω–µ—Å–æ–º–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ”, —Ü–∏—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –æ–±–ª–∏—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ “–ú–∞–ª–µ–Ω—å–∫–∏–µ, –Ω—É–¥–Ω—ã–µ –ª—é–¥–∏—à–∫–∏” –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä—ã–µ, –≥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω—ã–µ –∏ –∑–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω—ã–µ –º–æ–Ω–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏ –∏ —Ä–µ–ø–ª–∏–∫–∏ –≥–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø–µ—Ä—Å–æ–Ω–∞–∂–µ–π. –í —Ç–µ –¥–Ω–∏ “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç–∞” –µ—â–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞ —Ü–µ–Ω–∑—É—Ä–Ω—ã–π –¥–æ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä –∏ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –µ–µ –Ω–æ–º–µ—Ä–∞ –ø–æ–ø–∞–¥–∞–ª–∏ –∫ —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è–º —Å —á–∏—Å—Ç—ã–º–∏, –ø—É—Å—Ç—ã–º–∏ –ø—Ä—è–º–æ—É–≥–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏, —Å—Ç–æ–ª–±—Ü–∞–º–∏ –∏ –∫–≤–∞–¥—Ä–∞—Ç–∞–º–∏, –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –±—ã–ª–∏ –≤—ã–±—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω—ã –Ω–µ—É–≥–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç—è–º –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—ã, –∑–∞–º–µ—Ç–∫–∏, —Ñ–µ–ª—å–µ—Ç–æ–Ω—ã –∏ —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–∏. –ù–æ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç–µ —É–¥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–æ–¥–∞—Ç—å –ø—å–µ—Å—É –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ “–î–∞—á–Ω–∏–∫–∏” –∫–∞–∫ –∞–∫—Ç—É–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –¥—Ä–∞–º—É, –ø—Ä–∏–∑—ã–≤–∞—é—â—É—é “—Å–ª–∏—Ç—å—Å—è —Å –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å—é –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞”.
–ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –¥–≤–∞ –¥–Ω—è –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø—Ä–µ–º—å–µ—Ä—ã “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç–∞” –æ—Ç–∫–ª–∏–∫–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—å, –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞—è, —á—Ç–æ –∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä—ã –ø–æ–¥ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–µ–∂–∏—Å—Å–µ—Ä–∞ –î. –í–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ —Ä–µ–∂–∏—Å—Å–µ—Ä–∞ –õ. –õ–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —á—É—Ç–∫–æ –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ê. –ú. –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏–≤ –≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–µ–π—à–∏—Ö —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏–π –∏ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω. –ò —á—Ç–æ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—å —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–ª –ø–æ–ª–Ω—ã–π –∑—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –∑–∞–ª, –∞ “–∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –±—ã–ª–æ —Ä–æ–≤–Ω–æ–µ, –¥—Ä—É–∂–Ω–æ–µ, –≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ, –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç—ã —Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω–æ –æ—Ç–Ω–µ—Å–ª–∏—Å—å –∫ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º —Ä–æ–ª—è–º”. –í–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–∏–º –∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä—ã —Ä–∞–∑–æ–±–ª–∞—á–∞–ª–∏ –∏ –±–∏—á–µ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ª–∏–±–µ—Ä–∞–ª–æ–≤ –ë–∞—Å–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –°—É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∞, “–¥–∞—á–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤”, —Å–æ—Ä—è—â–∏—Ö –Ω–∞ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ, “–º–∞–ª–µ–Ω—å–∫–∏—Ö, –Ω—É–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–∏—à–µ–∫”, —É–º–Ω–∏—á–∞—é—â–∏—Ö –æ–±—ã–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –∏ –º–µ—â–∞–Ω, –∂–∞–∂–¥—É—â–∏—Ö “–¥–µ—à–µ–≤–µ–Ω—å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç—å—è, —Å—ã—Ç–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —É–¥–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ —Ç–∏—à–∏–Ω—ã”.
–°–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—å “–î–∞—á–Ω–∏–∫–∏”, –ø—Ä–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –∑–∞–ª–µ, –≤ —Ç–æ–π –∂–µ –∞—Ç–º–æ—Å—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ —Å–æ–ø–µ—Ä–µ–∂–∏–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –ø–æ–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏ —ç–º–æ—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ–∑–±—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∫–∞–∫–∞—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–º—å–µ—Ä–µ, –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–ª –µ—â–µ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ä–∞–∑. –ò –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π —Ä–∞–∑ –Ω–∞ “–î–∞—á–Ω–∏–∫–∞—Ö” –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∞ –≤ –∑—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º –∑–∞–ª–µ —Ä–µ–∑–∫–æ —Ä–∞—Å–∫–∞–ª—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ –¥–≤–∞ –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–∏–º–∏—Ä–∏–º—ã—Ö –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è. –ö–∞–∫ –∏ –Ω–∞ —É–ª–∏—Ü–∞—Ö –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –ö–∞–∫ –∏ –≤–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –≤ –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä–µ 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –° –µ—â–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–º —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–æ–º –±—ã–ª –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π –≥–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—å ‚Äî “–î–µ—Ç–∏ —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞”. –í —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å–µ “–ü—å–µ—Å—ã –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ”, –æ–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤ —Ç—Ä–µ—Ç—å–µ–º –Ω–æ–º–µ—Ä–µ –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–∞ “–¢–µ–∞—Ç—Ä” –∑–∞ 1937 –≥–æ–¥, —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ: “–í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –Ω–∞ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª–µ “–î–µ—Ç–∏ —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞” –≤ –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä–µ 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω—ã —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–µ—á–∏. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏—è –ø—ã—Ç–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö, –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∞ –∑–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –∑–∞ –Ω–∏—Ö, –∏ –∏–º —É–¥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Å–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—å—Å—è”. –ò –¥–∞–ª—å—à–µ –∫–∞–∫ –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥ —Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ: “–í–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –≤ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö –≥–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø—å–µ—Å –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–∏ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π —Ç—Ä–∏–±—É–Ω–æ–π. –¢–∞–∫–æ–π —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä –Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–∏ –≥–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª–∏ –≤ –¥–Ω–∏ 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞”.
–í –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä–µ 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–µ, –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–µ “–î–µ—Ç–∏ —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞”, –∞ “–î–∞—á–Ω–∏–∫–∏”. –ß—Ç–æ –∂–µ –∫–∞—Å–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø—å–µ—Å—ã “–î–µ—Ç–∏ —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞”, —Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –≤–æ –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–µ –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è —Ç–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –û —á–µ–º –≤ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–µ “–ü–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∞—è —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏—è –∏ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä” –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫–∏: “–ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∏ “–î–µ—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞” –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–∏ (–ù. –ù–æ–≤–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞, –í–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ–∂ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ) –≤ –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä–µ‚Äî–¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä–µ 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–æ–≤–ø–∞–ª–∏ —Å–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–µ–º –Ω–∞–∏–≤—ã—Å—à–µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–¥—ä–µ–º–∞ —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ò –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è —ç—Ç–æ–π –ø—å–µ—Å—ã –ø—Ä–æ–∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –∂–µ –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –¥–µ–º–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –∫–∞–∫ –Ω–∞ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—è—Ö”. (–í “–õ–µ—Ç–æ–ø–∏—Å–∏ —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏–π –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏; 1902‚Äî1917″ –§. –ì. –ü–æ–ø–æ–≤ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç, —á—Ç–æ 8 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∞–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–æ–≤ —Å –≥–∞–ª–µ—Ä–µ–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–±—Ä–∞—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø—Ä–æ–∫–ª–∞–º–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∞ –ø–µ–ª–∞ “–ú–∞—Ä—Å–µ–ª—å–µ–∑—É” –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏.)
–ò–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –∫ “–î–µ—Ç—è–º —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞” –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫ –∑–∞–¥–æ–ª–≥–æ –¥–æ –ø–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–µ–º—å–µ—Ä—ã. –û–Ω —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è —Å –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–º –¥–Ω–µ–º, –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞—è —Å —Ç–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ø—å–µ—Å—ã, –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –±—ã–ª –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–∏–º –≤ –∫–∞–º–µ—Ä–µ ‚Ññ 39 –¢—Ä—É–±–µ—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ –±–∞—Å—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–ø–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –û–± —ç—Ç–æ–º –æ–ø—è—Ç—å –ø–æ–∑–∞–±–æ—Ç–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –≤—Å–µ —Ç–∞ –∂–µ “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç–∞”, –µ—â–µ –≤ –∏—é–Ω–µ –Ω–∞–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞–≤—à–∞—è –∫–æ—Ä—Ä–µ—Å–ø–æ–Ω–¥–µ–Ω—Ü–∏—é, –Ω–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–≤—à—É—é –Ω–∏–∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö —Å–æ–º–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –∏–∑-–ø–æ–¥ –ø–µ—Ä–∞ –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è-–±–æ—Ä—Ü–∞ –≤—ã—à–ª–æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–µ –≤—ã–¥–∞—é—â–µ–µ—Å—è –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –ü—Ä–µ–º—å–µ—Ä–∞ “–î–µ—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞” –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç—å—Å—è 8 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è. –ù–æ –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –¥–µ–Ω—å —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∫–æ—Å–Ω—É–ª–æ—Å—å —Å–æ—Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∏ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞, –ø—Ä–∏–º–∫–Ω—É–≤—à–∏—Ö –∫ –≤—Å–µ–æ–±—â–µ–π –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –∑–∞–±–∞—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∫–µ. –ù–µ–¥–µ–ª—é —Å–ø—É—Å—Ç—è “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç–∞” –ø–æ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –ø–æ–≤–æ–¥—É –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∞: “–û—Ç–∑—ã–≤–∞—è—Å—å –Ω–∞ –æ–±—â–µ–µ –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Ç—Ä—É–ø–ø–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª–∏. –° —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è—à–Ω–µ–≥–æ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ –æ–Ω–∏ –≤–æ–∑–æ–±–Ω–æ–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è. –¢—Ä—É–ø–ø–∞ –Ω–∞–¥–µ–µ—Ç—Å—è —Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–π–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ—é –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—É—é —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É, –ø—Ä–µ—Ä–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—É—é, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–µ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–µ, –±–æ—Ä—å–±–æ–π –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞”.
–ù–æ, –∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ, –Ω–∏ –æ –∫–∞–∫–æ–π “—Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–π–Ω–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–µ” –≤ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥–ª–æ –±—ã—Ç—å –∏ —Ä–µ—á–∏. –ü–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —á—Ç–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –≤ —Ç–µ –¥–Ω–∏ –±—ã–ª –æ—Ö–≤–∞—á–µ–Ω –±–µ—Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –∏ —Ç—Ä–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ–π. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ —Ä–∞–∑–≥–æ–Ω–∞ –≤–æ–π—Å–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ –∂–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ä–º–µ—Ä–∏–µ–π –º–∏—Ç–∏–Ω–≥–∞ —Ç—Ä—É–¥—è—â–∏—Ö—Å—è –≤ –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –¥–æ–º–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –º–∞—Å—Å–æ–≤—ã–µ –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—ã. –ü—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞—è —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –±–æ—Ä—å–±–æ–π —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–ª–µ—Ç–∞—Ä–∏–∞—Ç–∞, —Å–æ—Ü–∏–∞–ª-–¥–µ–º–æ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ—à–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–ª–µ–≥–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –≤ –ø–æ–¥–ø–æ–ª—å–µ. –í–æ—Ç –≤ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π “—Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–π–Ω–æ–π” –æ–±—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–µ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ 18 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π —Ä–∞–∑ –∏ –±—ã–ª –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—å “–î–µ—Ç–∏ —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞”.
–°–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–≤—à–∏–µ—Å—è –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ç–∫–ª–∏–∫–∏ –∏ –≤–æ—Å–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞—é—Ç —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—è —É –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–æ–≤–æ–π, —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∏ –∏ –¥–∞—é—Ç –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã. –í —Ä–µ—Ü–µ–Ω–∑–∏–∏ “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—ã”, –µ—Å—Ç–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ —É–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–æ –ø—å–µ—Å–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è “—Å–ª—É—à–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∑–∞–ª–æ–º —Å –∑–∞—Ö–≤–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞—é—â–∏–º –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–æ–º”, –∞–∫—Ç—É–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –∑–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –µ–µ –∏–¥–µ–π–Ω–æ-–ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–º—ã—Å–ª–∞, —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑—É –ü–∞–≤–ª–∞ –ü—Ä–æ—Ç–∞—Å–æ–≤–∞ –≤ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –ù. –í–æ–ª–æ—Ö–æ–≤–∞. –†–µ—Ü–µ–Ω–∑–∏—é “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—ã” –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—é—Ç –≤–æ—Å–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –†–°–§–°–†, –ª–∞—É—Ä–µ–∞—Ç–∞ –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–µ–º–∏–∏ –°–°–°–† –ì. –ê. –®–µ–±—É–µ–≤–∞, “–∑–∞–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ” –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–º –ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–º –æ–ø—ã—Ç–æ–º —É—Å–ø–µ—à–Ω—ã—Ö –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π –≤ —Ä–æ–ª–∏ –ü–∞–≤–ª–∞ –ü—Ä–æ—Ç–∞—Å–æ–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–π –∂–µ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–µ: “–í –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–≥–æ –∏–∑ –Ω–∞—Å –∫–∞–∫–∏–µ-—Ç–æ —è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –æ—Å—Ç–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ø–∞–º—è—Ç–∏ –Ω–∞–≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞. –ü–æ —Å–∏–ª–µ –≤–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è “–î–µ—Ç–∏ —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞” –¥–ª—è –º–µ–Ω—è –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏–µ.
–°–≤–æ–∏–º —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–æ–º —ç—Ç–æ—Ç —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—å –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–º—É –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç—É —Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ù. –í. –í–æ–ª–æ—Ö–æ–≤—É, –∏–≥—Ä–∞–≤—à–µ–º—É —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é —Ä–æ–ª—å –ü—Ä–æ—Ç–∞—Å–æ–≤–∞. –•—É–¥–æ–π, —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–Ω—ã–π, —Å –≥–ª—É—Ö–æ–≤–∞—Ç—ã–º, –Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–Ω—ã–º –≥–æ–ª–æ—Å–æ–º, –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∫–∞—Ä–∏–º–∏ –≥–ª–∞–∑–∞–º–∏, –æ–±–∞—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –º—è–≥–∫–æ–π –∏ —Ç–æ–Ω–∫–æ–π –º–∞–Ω–µ—Ä–µ –∏–≥—Ä—ã, —Ç—Ä–æ–≥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –∏ –≤ –º–µ—Ä—É —Å–º–µ—à–Ω–æ–π, –í–æ–ª–æ—Ö–æ–≤ –≤ —Ä–æ–ª–∏ –ü—Ä–æ—Ç–∞—Å–æ–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª –≤–æ–ø–ª–æ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Ç–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π –∏–Ω—Ç–µ–ª–ª–∏–≥–µ–Ω—Ü–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —É–≤–∞–∂–∞–ª–∞ –∏ –ª—é–±–∏–ª–∞ —Å–≤–æ–π –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥, –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –∂–∏—Ç—å –∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å –¥–ª—è –Ω–µ–≥–æ, –Ω–æ –Ω–µ –ø–æ–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ, –Ω–µ –∑–Ω–∞–ª–∞ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π –∫ –Ω–µ–º—É. –ò–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–µ–Ω –µ—â–µ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω—ã–π —Å–ª—É—á–∞–π –∏–∑ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –¥–æ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞. –ú–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–µ—Ç –≤ –Ω–∏–∂–Ω–µ–º —Ñ–æ–π–µ –≤–∏—Å–µ–ª –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –ø–æ—Ä—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∏–≤–æ–≥–æ, –æ–±–∞—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≥–æ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ ‚Äî —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–ª–∏–≤–æ–≥–æ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –í–∏–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ö–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ú–∞–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∞, —Å–≥–æ—Ä–µ–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –≤ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1911 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –ó—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏, –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–≤—à–∏–µ –≤ —Ç–æ—Ç –≤–µ—á–µ—Ä –∑–∞–ª, —Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–∏ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—å “–õ–µ—Å–Ω—ã–µ —Ç–∞–π–Ω—ã”. –í —Ä–æ–ª–∏ –§–∞–≤–Ω–∞ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–ª –ª—é–±–∏–º–µ—Ü —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∏ –í. –ö. –ú–∞–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤. –°–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—å —à–µ–ª —Å–≤–æ–∏–º —á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–æ–º, –∏ –Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–µ—â–∞–ª–æ –Ω–µ—Å—á–∞—Å—Ç—å—è.
–ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª–∞ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∞ –§–∞–≤–Ω–∞ —Å –õ–µ—à–∏–º, –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç –ù–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤, –∏–≥—Ä–∞–≤—à–∏–π —Ä–æ–ª—å –õ–µ—à–µ–≥–æ, –∑–∞–∂–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å–ø–∏—á–∫–æ–π –Ω–µ—á–∞—è–Ω–Ω–æ –∫–æ—Å–Ω—É–ª—Å—è —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –∫–æ—Å—Ç—é–º–∞, —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–∑ –≥—É—Å—Ç–æ–π —Å—É—Ö–æ–π –ø–∞–∫–ª–∏. –ö–æ—Å—Ç—é–º –∑–∞–≥–æ—Ä–µ–ª—Å—è. –ú–∞–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –±—Ä–æ—Å–∏–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â—É, —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º—è—Å—å —Å–æ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å –Ω–µ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä—è—â—É—é –ø–∞–∫–ª—é. –ò –µ–º—É —É–¥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —ç—Ç–æ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å. –ù–æ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –º–æ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –∑–∞–≥–æ—Ä–µ–ª—Å—è –µ–≥–æ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∫–æ—Å—Ç—é–º, –∏ –ø–ª–∞–º—è –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ –æ—Ö–≤–∞—Ç–∏–ª–æ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞. –í –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–µ—Ä–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –ø–∞–Ω–∏–∫–∞. –û–ø–∞—Å–∞—è—Å—å, —á—Ç–æ –∑–∞–≥–æ—Ä—è—Ç—Å—è –¥–µ–∫–æ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –∏ –Ω–∞—á–Ω–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä, –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ, –¥–∞–≤—è –¥—Ä—É–≥ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞, –±—Ä–æ—Å–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –±–µ–∂–∞—Ç—å –ø–æ —É–∑–∫–æ–º—É –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—É. –ê –ú–∞–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞—è—Å—å —É–π—Ç–∏ –ø–æ–¥–∞–ª—å—à–µ –æ—Ç –¥–µ–∫–æ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–π, —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞—è –æ—Ç —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–∏—Ö –æ–∂–æ–≥–æ–≤, —Å –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω—ã–º —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–º –¥–æ–±—Ä–∞–ª—Å—è –¥–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –≥—Ä–∏–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–æ—á–Ω–æ–π. –ó–∞ –∫—É–ª–∏—Å–∞–º–∏ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –±—ã–ª –ù. –ò. –°–æ–±–æ–ª—å—â–∏–∫–æ–≤-–°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω. –£–≤–∏–¥–µ–≤ –≥–æ—Ä—è—â–µ–≥–æ, —Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ —Ñ–∞–∫–µ–ª, –ú–∞–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∞, –æ–Ω —Å—Ö–≤–∞—Ç–∏–ª —Å–≤–æ—é —à—É–±—É –∏ —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é –ø–æ–¥–æ—Å–ø–µ–≤—à–∏—Ö –∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ —Å–æ—Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Ç—É—à–∏–ª –æ–≥–æ–Ω—å. –ù–æ… –±—ã–ª–æ —É–∂–µ –ø–æ–∑–¥–Ω–æ. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç —É–º–µ—Ä.
–ù–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å–ª–æ–≤ –ê. –ê. –°–º–∏—Ä–Ω–æ–≤–∞, –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–≤—à–µ–≥–æ 5 —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è 1911 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–≥—Ä–µ–±–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –í. –ö. –ú–∞–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∞: “–ü—Ä–µ—Å–µ–∫–ª–∞—Å—å –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞—è, –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–∞—è –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å. –°–ª–µ–ø–æ–µ —á—É–¥–æ–≤–∏—â–µ ‚Äî —Å–ª—É—á–∞–π ‚Äî –æ–±—Ä–µ–∑–∞–ª–æ, –≥—Ä—É–±–æ –ø–æ—Ä–≤–∞–ª–æ –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç—É—é –Ω–∏—Ç—å –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏…” –ñ–µ–ª–µ–∑–æ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏, –ø–æ—Ä–∞–∂–∞—è –≤—Å–µ –∑–µ–º–Ω–æ–µ, –±–µ—Å—Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –∞–ª–º–∞–∑–∞–º–∏ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –¥—É—Ö–∞. –ò —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –∞–ª–º–∞–∑ –æ—Ç—ã—Å–∫–∞–ª –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –¥—É—à–µ, –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª –Ω–∞–º —Å–≤–æ–∏–º –ø–æ–¥–≤–∏–≥–æ–º –ø–æ—á–∏–≤—à–∏–π. –ú–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–π —É–¥–∞—á–Ω–∏–∫, –æ–±–ª–∞–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –Ω–µ–∑–∞—É—Ä—è–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–∞, –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∞–≤–µ—Ü, –æ–Ω –ª–∏, –±–∞–ª–æ–≤–µ–Ω—å –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏, –Ω–µ –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª –¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∏—Ç—å –µ—é, —Ü–µ–ø–ª—è—Ç—å—Å—è –∑–∞ –Ω–µ–µ –∫–∞–∫ –∑–∞ –≤—ã—Å—à–µ–µ —Å–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤–∏—â–µ… –û–Ω –∑–∞–±—ã–ª –º–∏–ª—É—é, —Å–ª–∞–¥–∫—É—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –∏ –∫–∏–Ω—É–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞–≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á—É –º—É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏, –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –æ–≥–Ω—è –∑–∞–∂–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –¥–∏–≤–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω—ã–º –ø–æ—Ä—ã–≤–æ–º —Å–ø–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–∞, –∞ –∑–∞ –Ω–∏–º –∏ —Ç–µ—Ö –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –≤ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ, –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–¥—à–∏—Ö –¥–ª—è “—Å–º–µ—Ö–∞ –∏ –∑–∞–±–∞–≤—ã”…
–ù–æ –º—ã… –ú—ã –∑–Ω–∞–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ –∫–∞–∫ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞. –ú—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–π. –ò –≤–æ—Ç –º—ã, –ª—é–¥–∏ –∏–∑ –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∏, —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ —ç—Ç–æ–π –º–æ–≥–∏–ª–æ–π —Ç–æ–ª–ø–æ—é —Å–∫–æ—Ä–±–Ω–æ–π –∏…—Å–º—É—â–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–≤—à–µ–π—Å—è –∫–∞—Ç–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ –º—ã –±—Ä–æ—Å–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –±–µ–∂–∞—Ç—å –≤–æ–Ω, –æ–Ω –±—Ä–æ—Å–∏–ª—Å—è —Å–ø–∞—Å–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞—Å! –ò –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è—Ç, –±—É–¥—Ç–æ –±—ã –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∏–∑ –Ω–∞—Å, –Ω–µ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Å–º–µ—Ö–∞ –∏ –∑–∞–±–∞–≤—ã, —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–µ—Ä–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –¥–µ–Ω—å–≥–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ… –ù–æ –¥–µ–Ω—å–≥–∏ –Ω–∞–º –≤—ã–¥–∞–¥—É—Ç, –∞ –ø–ª–∞—Ç—É –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –ú–∞–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∞ ‚Äî —é–Ω—É—é, –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω—É—é, —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –µ–≥–æ ‚Äî –Ω–µ –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É—Ç –µ–º—É –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ… –ö–∞–∫–æ–π —É—Ä–æ–∫ –Ω–∞–º, –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–µ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –µ—Å—Ç—å —É –Ω–∞—Å —É—à–∏, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —Å–ª—ã—à–∞—Ç—å, –∏ —Å–µ—Ä–¥—Ü–∞, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å! –ò –≤–ø—Ä—è–º—å, –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ –ª–∏ –Ω–∞–º –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–æ?.. –ú—ã –µ—â–µ —Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∏–º –ø–æ–¥—á–∞—Å —Å–≤–µ—Ä—Ö—É –≤–Ω–∏–∑ –Ω–∞ –ª—é–¥–µ–π –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –Ω–∞ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤. –•—É–¥–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫ –ú–∞–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–µ –µ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ. –ö–∞–∫–æ–π –∂–∞–ª–∫–æ–π, —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—è–Ω–Ω–æ–π –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ–Ω–∞, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–µ–ª –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –Ω–µ—é —ç—Ç–æ—Ç —Å–≤–µ—Ç–æ—á –ª—é–±–≤–∏ –∫ –ª—é–¥—è–º!.. –ü–æ–π–¥–µ—Ç –ª–∏ –Ω–∞–º –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É —É–∂–∞—Å–Ω—ã–π —É—Ä–æ–∫? –ù–∞—É—á–∏–º—Å—è –ª–∏ –º—ã –±–µ—Ä–µ—á—å –Ω–∞—à–∏ —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç—ã ‚Äî —ç—Ç–∏ –∑–≤–µ–∑–¥–æ—á–∫–∏, –æ–≥–æ–Ω—å–∫–∏ –Ω–∞ —Ç—É—Å–∫–ª—ã—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–∏–∑–æ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ö –æ–±—ã–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è?.. –ú—ã —Ä–∞–∑–æ–π–¥–µ–º—Å—è –ø–æ –¥–æ–º–∞–º, –≤ –≤–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∏ —Å–º—É—â–µ–Ω–∏–∏, –Ω–∞–¥–µ—é—Å—å, –Ω–∞–≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–≤ –≤ –¥—É—à–µ –≤–æ—Å–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π, –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–π —Ä–æ–ª–∏ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –ú–∞–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∞”.