–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞

–¢–æ—á–Ω–∞—è –¥–∞—Ç–∞ —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –Ω–µ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∞. –ï—Å—Ç—å –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω –µ–≥–æ –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç, –Ω–æ, –∫ —Å–æ–∂–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π —Ä–∞–∑ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–π. –û–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å –ª–∏—à—å —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –ü. –°. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ 1842 –∏–ª–∏ –≤ 1843 –≥–æ–¥—É. –û —Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–∏—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –µ–≥–æ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –≤ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ö –ª–∏–±–æ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ–µ –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π, –ª–∏–±–æ –∏—Ö –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ—Ä–µ—á–∏–≤–æ—Å—Ç—å. –¢–∞–∫, –≤ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º —Ñ–æ—Ä–º—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω–æ–º —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ –æ —Å–ª—É–∂–±–µ –ü. –°. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ: “–í–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–Ω–∏–µ –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–µ–µ”, –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–º – “–û–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª –∫—É—Ä—Å –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–Ω–æ–º —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–µ”.

–û—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –µ–≥–æ —Å–µ–º–µ–π–Ω–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ —Ç–æ–∂–µ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—É—Ç–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –∏–¥–µ—Ç, –≤–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º, –Ω–µ –æ—Ç —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã—Ö –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, –∞ –æ—Ç —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π. –ú–∞—Ç—å –ü. –°. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –≤ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–µ “–í–æ –≥–ª–∞–≤–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã” –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –µ–≥–æ —Å—É–ø—Ä—É–≥–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –Ω–∞ —Å–∞–º–æ–º –¥–µ–ª–µ –∑–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –ö–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∞. –î–µ—Ç–µ–π —É –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ, –∏ —Ä–æ–¥ –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω—ã—Ö, –ø—Ä–µ—Å–µ–∫—à–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–º, –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∏–ª—Å—è –ø–æ –ª–∏–Ω–∏–∏ –µ–≥–æ –ø–ª–µ–º—è–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ê. –ê. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞. –ë–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ü. –°. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ —Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ —Ä–∞—Å–∫–æ–ª–æ—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ –¥–≤–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π – —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–∏ –≤ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—É—Å–∞, –≤–æ –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π – –∫–∞—Ç–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–æ–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç —Å—É–¥—å–±—ã.

–î–ª—è –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –µ–≥–æ –¥–µ–ª–æ–≤–∞—è –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–Ω–æ: –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª —ç—Å—Ç–∞—Ñ–µ—Ç—É —É —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –æ—Ç—Ü–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–∞ –£—Å–≥–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞, –∫—É–ø—Ü–∞ 1-–π –≥–∏–ª—å–¥–∏–∏; –≤–æ–∑–≥–ª–∞–≤–∏–ª —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã–π –¥–æ–º “–°–µ–º–µ–Ω–∞ –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ —Å—ã–Ω –∏ –≤–Ω—É–∫”. –°–∞–º —Å—Ç–∞–ª –∫—É–ø—Ü–æ–º 1-–π –≥–∏–ª—å–¥–∏–∏, –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–º —Ö–ª–µ–±–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—Ü–µ–º, –ø–∏–æ–Ω–µ—Ä–æ–º –≤ –º–µ—Ö–∞–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –º—É–∫–æ–º–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∑–∞ –ø—à–µ–Ω–∏—á–Ω—É—é –º—É–∫—É –≤ 1882 –≥–æ–¥—É –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ —É–¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏–ª–∏ –±—Ä–æ–Ω–∑–æ–≤–æ–π –º–µ–¥–∞–ª—å—é –í—Å–µ—Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ-—Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤—ã—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∫–∏, –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–µ–π—Å—è –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ. –î–≤–∞ –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–ø—É—Å—Ç—è, –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, –æ–Ω –ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–ª –≤ —ç–∫—Å–ø–ª—É–∞—Ç–∞—Ü–∏—é –ø–∞—Ä–æ–≤—É—é –º–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü—É, –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –ø–æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º—É —Å–ª–æ–≤—É —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏–∫–∏. –ï–∂–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ –º—É–∫–∏ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥–∞–ª–æ 4800 –ø—É–¥–æ–≤. –û—Å–≤–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –º–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü–µ –±—ã–ª–æ —ç–ª–µ–∫—Ç—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ, –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Ç–æ–ø–ª–∏–≤–∞ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç—å.

–ö–∞–∫ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–π —Ö–ª–µ–±–æ–ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –∏ –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–æ–∫ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –¥–µ–ª–∞ –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω –±—ã–ª –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–µ–Ω –¥–∞–ª–µ–∫–æ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∞–º–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –ï–≥–æ –≤—ã–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥ –º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–æ–≤, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–∏—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –Ω–∞ –∑–∞—Å–µ–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –ì–æ—Å—Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞, –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –æ–±—Å—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º—ã —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏—è —Ö–ª–µ–±–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ –º–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü –ü. –°. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ –∏ –±–∞—Ä–∂–∞–º–∏, –¥–æ–º–∞–º–∏ –∏ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∞–º–∏, –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∞–º–∏ –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –∏ –≤ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞—Ö. –û–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö, 4152 –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω—ã –≤ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–µ, –æ–Ω –∫—É–ø–∏–ª —É —Å–µ–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, —Ç–∞–π–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –§. –ú. –ú–∞—Ä–∫—É—Å–∞ –≤ 1879 –≥–æ–¥—É. –ö—É–ø–µ—Ü-–º–∏–ª–ª–∏–æ–Ω–µ—Ä, –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ —Å–∞–º—ã—Ö –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏, –æ–Ω —â–µ–¥—Ä–æ –∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –∏–∑ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –∫–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≤ –Ω–∞ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –Ω—É–∂–¥—ã.

–ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã 19 – –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ 20 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –∑–Ω–∞–µ—Ç –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω –∏ –∫—É–ø—Ü–æ–≤, –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö—Å—è –º–µ—Ü–µ–Ω–∞—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º. –ñ–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–µ —Ü–µ–ª–∏ – –≤ –∑–∞–≤–∏—Å–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ—Ç –ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–æ–≤ –∏ —Å–∏–º–ø–∞—Ç–∏–π. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª –±–ª–∏–∑–∫–æ –∫ —Å–µ—Ä–¥—Ü—É –Ω—É–∂–¥—ã –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏ –ø–æ-–æ—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –æ–ø–µ–∫–∞–ª –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π. –û–Ω –±—ã–ª –ø–æ—á–µ—Ç–Ω—ã–º –±–ª—é—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –ø–æ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –µ–ø–∞—Ä—Ö–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–∞, –≤ 1877 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª 500 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ —É—á–µ–Ω–∏—Ü, –∞ –≤ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–º –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª 700 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π –Ω–∞ —ç–∫–∏–ø–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫—É —Å–∏—Ä–æ—Ç, –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö –∫—É—Ä—Å –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–µ. –ü. –°. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω —è–≤–ª—è–ª—Å—è –ø–æ—á–µ—Ç–Ω—ã–º —Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ—Ö–∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–∞, —Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –µ–≥–æ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ–º–æ–≤–æ–π —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–≤–∏.

–° –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏–µ–º –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ø–µ—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º. –í 1880 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω –¥–≤–∞–∂–¥—ã –∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–µ —Å—É–º–º—ã: —Ç—ã—Å—è—á—É —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π –Ω–∞ —É—á–µ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫—É —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–∞ –∏ —Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∂–µ –Ω–∞ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ñ–∏–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç–∞. –ó–∞ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–µ –∏–∑ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π –µ–º—É –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ–±—ä—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Ä—à–∞—è –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å. –ù–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º –ø–æ–ø–µ—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏. –í 1880 –≥–æ–¥—É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∞—è –¥—É–º–∞ –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–ª–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ø–æ—á–µ—Ç–Ω—ã–º –ø–æ–ø–µ—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤—à–µ–≥–æ—Å—è –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ —Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–∞.

–°–≤–æ—é –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–º –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É –æ–Ω –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª —Å –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è – 700 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º –ø–æ–ª—É–≥–æ–¥–∏–∏ 1880/1881 —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–∞—Ä–∞–ª–ª–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–µ. –≠—Ç–∞ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–æ–≤–∞—è –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–∞ –¥–ª—è —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –ø–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É —Å –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏–µ–º –ø–∞—Ä–∞–ª–ª–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è —É–¥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Å–Ω–∏–∑–∏—Ç—å –¥–µ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏—Ç —É—á–µ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç. –ù–∞—á–∞–ª–æ 80-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ – —Å–∞–º—ã–π –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–ø–æ–ª—É—á–Ω—ã–π –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –≤ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞, –µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–∏–≤—ã—Å—à–∏–π –≤–∑–ª–µ—Ç. –£—Å–ø–µ—à–Ω–æ –∏–¥—É—Ç –¥–µ–ª–∞. –û–Ω —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –¥–æ–º-–¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ—Ü –ø–æ–¥ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–º –∞—Ä—Ö–∏—Ç–µ–∫—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑—Ü–∞–º.

–í 1883 –≥–æ–¥—É —É—Å–ø–µ—à–Ω–æ –±–∞–ª–ª–æ—Ç–∏—Ä—É–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –¥—É–º—ã, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —á–µ–≥–æ –µ–≥–æ –∏–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞—é—Ç –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–º –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–æ–π. –ù–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–º –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É –æ–Ω –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è —á—É—Ç—å –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ª–µ—Ç. –ó–∞ —Å—Ç–æ–ª—å –∫–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–∫–∏–π —Å—Ä–æ–∫ –æ–Ω –¥–µ–ª–∞–µ—Ç –¥–ª—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–µ –¥–µ–ª–æ: –¥–æ–±–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–±–ª–∏–≥–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∑–∞–µ–º —Å —Ü–µ–ª—å—é –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤–æ–¥–æ–ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–∞. –ù–∞ –æ–±–ª–∏–≥–∞—Ü–∏—è—Ö – –µ–≥–æ, –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞, –ø–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å—å. –°—Ç–∞–≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–º –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–æ–π, –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–µ—Ç –æ—Ä–¥–µ–Ω–∞ – –°–≤—è—Ç–æ–≥–æ –°—Ç–∞–Ω–∏—Å–ª–∞–≤–∞ 3-–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏ –∏ –õ—å–≤–∞ –∏ –°–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞ 2-–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏, –ø–æ–∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ø–µ—Ä—Å–∏–¥—Å–∫–∏–º —à–∞—Ö–æ–º. –ó–∞ –∫–∞–∫–∏–µ –∑–∞—Å–ª—É–≥–∏ –æ–Ω —É–¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏–ª—Å—è –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–¥—ã, —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å –∑–∞—Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ.

–£—Å–ø–µ—à–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä—ã –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–µ—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –±–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω—å. –ó–∞—Å–µ–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –¥—É–º—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–¥–æ–ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏–∏ –æ—Å–µ–Ω—å—é 1884 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –≤—ã–Ω—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å, –ø—Ä–∏–≥–ª–∞—à–∞—è –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã—Ö –∫ —Å–µ–±–µ –¥–æ–º–æ–π. –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –≤—ã–µ–∑–∂–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ –ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥, –æ—Ç–∫—É–¥–∞ 30 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è —Ç–µ–ª–µ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—Ä—É–µ—Ç –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É: “–ñ–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏–µ –º–æ–µ –Ω–∞ —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ–µ –ø–æ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∑–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤—å—è –Ω–µ –æ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è, –¥–æ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—É—é—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω—ã–º –≤–≤–∏–¥—É –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∞ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –¥–µ–ª–∞–º–∏ –º–µ–Ω—å—à–µ”. –ë–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω—å –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ —É–π—Ç–∏ —Å –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤—ã.

–û–Ω–∞ –∂–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–æ–π, –Ω–∞—Ä—è–¥—É —Å –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏, —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∞–¥–∞ –µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–º–º–µ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –¥–µ–ª –∏ –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–æ–≤ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–∞—Ö–∞ –≤–æ–∑–≥–ª–∞–≤–ª—è–µ–º–æ–≥–æ –∏–º —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ–º–∞. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω –≤—Ç—è–≥–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–π –º–∞—Ä–∞—Ñ–æ–Ω —Å—É–¥–µ–±–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤, –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º–∏ –µ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–∞–≥–∞–º–∏ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤—è—Ç—Å—è –∫—É–ø—Ü—ã –ê—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–æ–≤—ã, –æ—Ç–µ—Ü –∏ —Å—ã–Ω, –æ–±–≤–∏–Ω–∏–≤—à–∏–µ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ–ª–∞–ª —Ä–∞—Å–ø–∏—Å–∫—É –Ω–∞ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—É—é —Å—É–º–º—É, –∏ –¥–æ–±–∏–≤–∞–≤—à–∏–µ—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —Å—É–¥ –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–ª –µ–≥–æ –∑–ª–æ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª –∫ —Ç—é—Ä–µ–º–Ω–æ–º—É —Å—Ä–æ–∫—É. –°—É–¥–µ–±–Ω–∞—è —Ç—è–∂–±–∞ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø–æ–¥–æ—Ä–≤–∞–ª–∞ –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ –Ω—Ä–∞–≤—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∏ —Ñ–∏–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏, —Ö–æ—Ç—è —Å—É–¥ –∏ —Å–Ω—è–ª —Å –Ω–µ–≥–æ –æ–±–≤–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –ø–æ–¥–ª–æ–≥–µ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–ª –µ–≥–æ –Ω–µ—Å—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –Ω–µ—Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—É –Ω–µ –∫–∞—Ä–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –æ—Ç–±—ã–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º —Å—Ä–æ–∫–∞ –≤ —Ç—é—Ä—å–º–µ.

–í–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å—É–¥–µ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å—Å–æ–≤ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –º–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞. –ï–≥–æ –º–æ—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞–ª–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤. –°–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–π –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∫–∏ –∏–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–ª–∏ –æ—Ç—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü–∞—Ö –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç. –í–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ—á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∞—Ü–∏–π –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –¥–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ–º–∞–ª–æ —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –æ –ª–∏—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞—Ö –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞, –Ω–∞–≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–µ, –±—ã–ª–∏ –æ–∫—Ä–∞—à–µ–Ω—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∂–∏–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π —Ç—Ä–∞–≥–µ–¥–∏–∏, —Å–æ–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –µ–≥–æ —Å–∫—Ä–æ–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–º –∏ –≤–æ—Å–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ –æ –±—ã–ª–æ–π —Å–ª–∞–≤–µ –∏ –º–æ–≥—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ.

–í –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∞—Ü–∏—è—Ö –æ –ü. –°. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–µ —É–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –¥–∞—Ç–∞ –µ–≥–æ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ – 1909 –≥–æ–¥. –≠—Ç–æ –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –ª–µ–≥–∫–æ –æ–ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä–≥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º—ã–º–∏ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É –∫—Ä–∞–µ–≤–µ–¥—É –≤–æ—Å–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ –ò. –§. –ö–æ—à–∫–æ, –≤ 1906 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤—à–∏–º —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º –≤–∏—Ü–µ-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º. –û–Ω –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –∂–∏–ª –≤ –Ω–∞–µ–º–Ω–æ–º —Å –≤–Ω–µ—à–Ω–µ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –Ω–∞—Ä—è–¥–Ω–æ–º –¥–≤—É—Ö—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω–æ–º –æ—Å–æ–±–Ω—è–∫–µ, –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∞–≤—à–µ–º –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞-—Ç–æ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–º—É –±–æ–≥–∞—á—É-–∫—É–ø—Ü—É –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω—É, —Ä–∞–∑–æ—Ä–∏–≤—à–µ–º—É—Å—è –∏ —Ç—Ä–∞–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –ø–æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–≤—à–µ–º—É —Å –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å—é —Å–∞–º–æ—É–±–∏–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º”. –£–¥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏—Ç—å –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –æ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ –ü. –°. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞. –≠—Ç–æ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—å –≤ —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –º–µ—Ç—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥–µ, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —É–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ –∫—É–ø–µ—Ü 2-–π –≥–∏–ª—å–¥–∏–∏ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω, 56 –ª–µ—Ç, —É–º–µ—Ä 5 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1899 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ—Ç –≤–æ—Å–ø–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ª–µ–≥–∫–∏—Ö.

–¶–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å, –∫–∞–∫ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ, –æ—Å—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–∞ —Å–∞–º–æ—É–±–∏–π—Ü, —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –∑–∞–ø—Ä–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ –æ—Ç–ø–µ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–µ–π, –ø–æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö —Å —Å–æ–±–æ–π. –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ –æ—Ç–ø–µ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≤ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —Å–æ–±–æ—Ä–µ, –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç, –æ–Ω –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª —Å–∞–º–æ—É–±–∏–π—Ü–µ–π? –ü–æ—á–µ–º—É —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫ —Å–ª—É—Ö –æ —Å–∞–º–æ—É–±–∏–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ, –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –µ–≥–æ —É—Å–ª—ã—à–∞–ª –≤–∏—Ü–µ-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –ò. –§. –ö–æ—à–∫–æ? –ü–æ—á–µ–º—É —Ç–∞–∫ –Ω–µ–µ—Å—Ç–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–æ–≤–µ–ª–∏ —Å–µ–±—è –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—ã –∏ –¥—É–º–∞ –≤ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –±—ã–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤—ã? –í–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å—ã –æ—Å—Ç–∞—é—Ç—Å—è. –ù–æ —ç—Ç–æ –∏ –Ω–µ —Ç–∞–∫ –ø–ª–æ—Ö–æ, –ø–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –æ–Ω–∏ —Å—Ç–∏–º—É–ª–∏—Ä—É—é—Ç –∏—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫—É—é –º—ã—Å–ª—å.

–ü–æ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª–∞–º –û. –í. –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ

–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:

1. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è —Ñ–ª–∞–≥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏
2. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è —Å–µ–ª–∞ –ù–æ–≤–æ–¥–µ–≤–∏—á—å–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏
3. –ü—Ä–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è –ö–æ–Ω–¥—É—Ä—á–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–∞ –∏–ª–∏ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è —Å–µ–ª–∞ –ö–æ—à–∫–∏
4. –ù–µ–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –í. –í. –ö—É–π–±—ã—à–µ–≤–∞
5. –ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—ã —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏