–í–Ω—É—á–∫–∞ –∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—É–∫–∏ –ê. –í. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞

–û–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–æ 9 –ê–≤–≥—É—Å—Ç 2015 –æ—Ç –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å

–ê–¥–º–∏—Ä–∞–ª –ò–≤–∞–Ω –õ—É–∫—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω, –¥–≤–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–π –±—Ä–∞—Ç –∫–∞–Ω—Ü–ª–µ—Ä–∞ –ê. –ü. –ë–µ—Å—Ç—É–∂–µ–≤–∞-–†—é–º–∏–Ω–∞ –∏ –±–ª–∏–∑–∫–∏–π —Ä–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –ù. –ò. –ü–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ – –ø–µ—Ä—Å–æ–Ω–∞–∂, –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –≤ —Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–π –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ 18 –≤–µ–∫–∞. –ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —ç—Ç–∏–º —Ä–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –≤ –Ω–µ–º–∞–ª–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏ –æ–±—ä—è—Å–Ω—è–µ—Ç—Å—è —Ä–æ–ª—å, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –æ–Ω —Å—ã–≥—Ä–∞–ª –≤ —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏—è—Ö 28 –∏—é–Ω—è 1762 –≥–æ–¥–∞ – –Ω–∏–∑–≤–µ—Ä–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ III –∏ –≤–æ—Ü–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω—ã II. –í –¥–µ–Ω—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–∞, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–ª–∏ –æ–ø–∞—Å–µ–Ω–∏—è, —á—Ç–æ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–µ—Ö–∞—Ç—å –≤ –ö—Ä–æ–Ω—à—Ç–∞–¥—Ç –∏ —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –Ω–µ–º, —Ç—É–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª —Å–ø–µ—à–Ω–æ –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω —Å –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ–º–æ—á–∏—è–º–∏ – —Å –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–æ–º “–Ω–µ –¥–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–∞—Ç—å —Å–≤–µ—Ä–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –∫ —ç—Ç–æ–π –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–µ–ø—è—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –±—É–¥–µ –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏—Ç—Å—è —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ –Ω–∞–º–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –æ—Ç—ä–µ–∑–¥—É –≤ –ì–µ—Ä–º–∞–Ω–∏—é –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –≤ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ —Å–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è, –æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ—Ç—å –µ–≥–æ –æ—Å–æ–±–æ–π”. –ü—Ä–∏–±—ã–≤ –≤ –ö—Ä–æ–Ω—à—Ç–∞–¥—Ç, –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω –æ–±—ä—è–≤–∏–ª –æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–µ, –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–ª –∫ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—è–≥–µ –Ω–∞ –≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–µ —Å–æ–ª–¥–∞—Ç –∏ —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤ —Ñ–ª–æ—Ç–∞ –∏ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞–ª –ø—Ä–∏—Å–ª–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–º –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–∞–Ω—à–µ—Ñ–∞ –î–µ–≤—å–µ—Ä–∞. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∂–µ –∫ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –Ω–æ—á—å—é –Ω–∞ –≥–∞–ª–µ—Ä–µ –∏ —è—Ö—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–ª –ü–µ—Ç—Ä —Å –ø—Ä–∏–±–ª–∏–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ª–∏—Ü–∞–º–∏, –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω –Ω–µ –¥–æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–ª –∏—Ö –≤—ã—Å–∞–¥–∫–∏ –∏ –Ω–∞ –∑–∞—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —á—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–∏–µ—Ö–∞–ª –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä, –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç–∏–ª, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –Ω–µ—Ç –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, –∞ –µ—Å—Ç—å –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—Ä–∏—Ü–∞ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ II; –µ—Å–ª–∏ –∂–µ —Å—É–¥–∞ –Ω–µ –æ—Ç–æ–π–¥—É—Ç, —Ç–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤ –Ω–∏—Ö –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç –æ–≥–æ–Ω—å. –£—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–∏–≤—à–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–ª–µ, –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ II —â–µ–¥—Ä–æ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–¥–∏–ª–∞ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –∑–∞ –µ–≥–æ —É—Å–ª—É–≥–∏ – –æ–Ω –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª –æ—Ä–¥–µ–Ω –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ—è –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏ –¥–≤–µ —Ç—ã—Å—è—á–∏ —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π.

–ï–¥–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –µ–≥–æ —Å—ã–Ω –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ–π —É–º–µ—Ä –µ—â–µ –≤–æ –º–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –≤ 1740 –≥–æ–¥—É, –¥–æ—á—å –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –≤—ã—à–ª–∞ –∑–∞–º—É–∂ –∑–∞ –§. –ê. –û—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–º–∞–Ω–∞. –ü—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø–æ –ª–∏–Ω–∏–∏ –∞–¥–º–∏—Ä–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ. –ú–æ–∂–µ—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å, –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É —Ç–∞–∫ –Ω–∏–∫—Ç–æ –∏ –Ω–µ –∑–∞–∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤–Ω—ã–º –¥–µ–ª–æ–º –æ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–µ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–æ –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–µ 19 –≤–µ–∫–∞. –ù–æ —É –∞–¥–º–∏—Ä–∞–ª–∞ –±—ã–ª –±—Ä–∞—Ç –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä –õ—É–∫—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á. –û–±–∞ –æ–Ω–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∏ –≤ –¥–æ–±—Ä—ã—Ö –¥—Ä—É–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö —Å–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π —Ç–µ—Ç–∫–æ–π – —Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π –∏—Ö –æ—Ç—Ü–∞ –ê–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π, –ø–æ –º—É–∂—É –ù–µ–ª–µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π-–ú–µ–ª–µ—Ü–∫–æ–π, –æ —á–µ–º —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–≤—à–µ–µ—Å—è –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤–∞—Ö –∏—Ö —ç–ø–∏—Å—Ç–æ–ª—è—Ä–Ω–æ–µ –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥–∏–µ. –ê–Ω–Ω–∞ –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∞ – –ø—Ä–∞–±–∞–±—É—à–∫–∞ –°–æ—Ñ—å–∏ –Æ—Ä—å–µ–≤–Ω—ã –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–æ–π, –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏ –≤—ã–¥–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ—Å—è –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—è 19 –≤–µ–∫–∞, —É—á–µ–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –ø–æ—á–µ—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –Æ—Ä–∏—è –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞. –°—ã–Ω –§. –õ. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞, —Ç–∞–π–Ω—ã–π —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –∂–µ–Ω–∏–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ú–∞—Ä—å–µ –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–µ –ê–ø—Ä–∞–∫—Å–∏–Ω–æ–π, —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∞–≤–∏—Ü—ã –ï–ª–µ–Ω—ã –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã –ê–ø—Ä–∞–∫—Å–∏–Ω–æ–π, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –∂–µ–Ω–æ–π –ë–æ—Ä–∏—Å–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ö—É—Ä–∞–∫–∏–Ω–∞. –ï–≥–æ —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞ – –∂–µ–Ω–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –Æ—Ä—å–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ù–µ–ª–µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ-–ú–µ–ª–µ—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ, –±–∞–±—É—à–∫–∞ –°–æ—Ñ—å–∏ –Æ—Ä—å–µ–≤–Ω—ã, –∂–µ–Ω—ã –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞.

–¢—Ä–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–π –±—Ä–∞—Ç –¥–µ–¥–∞ –Æ—Ä–∏—è –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω –±—ã–ª —à–µ—Ñ–æ–º –í—ã–±–æ—Ä–≥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º—É—à–∫–µ—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∫–∞ (1797), —à–µ—Ñ–æ–º –≥–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∑–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∫–∞ –≤ –ê—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞–Ω–∏ (1798) –∏ —à–µ—Ñ–æ–º –ª–µ–π–±-–≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–∏–∏ –ü–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∫–∞ (1801). –ï–≥–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π –∂–µ–Ω–æ–π –±—ã–ª–∞ –ú–∞–≥–¥–∞–ª–∏–Ω–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –í–µ—Ç—É—à–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ —É –Ω–∏—Ö –≤ 1795 –≥–æ–¥—É —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è —Å—ã–Ω, —Ç–æ –µ–≥–æ –≤ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–º, –∞ –ê. –í. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –æ—Ç—Ü–æ–º. –û—Ç—Ü—É –Ω–æ–≤–æ—Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–Ω –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–ò–º–µ–Ω–∏ –º–æ–µ–º—É —É—Ç–µ—Ö–∞, –∞ –í–∞–º —Å –ú–∞–≥–¥–∞–ª–∏–Ω–æ–π –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ–µ, —Å–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–µ–º —É –í–∞—Å –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –ø–æ–ª–Ω–∞ –∏–∑–±–∞ —Å–æ–ª–¥–∞—Ç. –ú–æ–π –¥–æ–ª–≥ –ø—Ä–∏ –í–∞—Å –æ –Ω–∏—Ö –ø–µ—â–∏—Å—å. –ì–æ—Å–ø–æ–¥—å —Å–æ–±–ª—é–¥–∏ –í–∞—Å –∏ –ª—é–±–µ–∑–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞. –ñ–µ–ª–∞—é –í–∞–º —á–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ —Å–ª–∞–≤—ã. –ü—Ä–µ–±—É–¥—É –¥–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–∞ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –º–æ–µ–π –∏ –¥—Ä—É–∂–±–æ–π –∏ –∏—Å—Ç–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–º –ø–æ—á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º”. –õ—é–±–æ–≤—å –∫ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º—É –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–º—É –æ—Ç—Ü—É, –ø–∞–º—è—Ç—å –æ —Ä–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–¥–≤–∏–≥–∞—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ–≤ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω—ã—Ö —Å –æ—Å–æ–±–æ–π —Å–∏–ª–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —É –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –≤ –≥—Ä–æ–∑–Ω–æ–º 1812 –≥–æ–¥—É. –°–µ–º–Ω–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–∏–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–º —é–Ω–æ—à–µ–π –æ–Ω –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–µ –æ–ø–æ–ª—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –ó–∞ –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –≤ –ë–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —Å—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø–æ–∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω –≤ –ø—Ä–∞–ø–æ—Ä—â–∏–∫–∏. –í 1813 –≥–æ–¥—É –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≥–æ —Ö—Ä–∞–±—Ä–µ—Ü–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–µ–ª–∏ –≤ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏–ª–ª–µ—Ä–∏—é, –≥–¥–µ –æ–Ω —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª –ø—Ä–∏ –∫–Ω—è–∑–µ –õ. –ú. –Ø—à–≤–∏–ª–µ. –° 1817 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω – –ø–æ—Ä—É—á–∏–∫ –ª–µ–π–±-–≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–∏–∏ –ö–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–µ–π—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∫–∞, –∞ –≤ 1818 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω –≤ –ª–µ–π–±-–≥—É—Å–∞—Ä—ã –∏ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω –∞–¥—ä—é—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–æ–º –∫ –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª—É –æ—Ç –∫–∞–≤–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–∏, –∫–Ω—è–∑—é –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏—é –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á—É –ì–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–Ω—É, –≤–ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ —á–ª–µ–Ω—É –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞, –∫–∞–≤–∞–ª–µ—Ä—É –≤—Å–µ—Ö —Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–∏—Ö –æ—Ä–¥–µ–Ω–æ–≤ –∏ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º—É –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—É, 16 –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª—è 1841 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–≤—à–µ–º—É —Ç–∏—Ç—É–ª —Å–≤–µ—Ç–ª–µ–π—à–µ–≥–æ –∫–Ω—è–∑—è.

–û—Ç–µ—Ü –î. –í. –ì–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª –¥–≤–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º –±—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–º –ú–∞—Ä–∏–∏ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω—ã –ì–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–Ω–æ–π, –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –∂–µ–Ω—ã –°. –ê. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞. –°–ª—É—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫, —á—Ç–æ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫ –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Ü–∞ –∂–µ–Ω–∏–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ –µ–≥–æ –≤–Ω—É—á–∫–µ. –î–µ–¥ –ª–µ–≥–µ–Ω–¥–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Ü–∞, –ø—Ä–∞–ø—Ä–∞–¥–µ–¥ –∂–µ–Ω—ã –ê. –°. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –û–ª—å–≥–∏ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω—ã –ò–≤–∞–Ω –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–∏–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ä–µ–º, —Ç. –µ. –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤—ã–º —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä–µ–º –≤ –ü—Ä–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–∫—É. –í–æ—Å–ø—Ä–∏–µ–º–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏ —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —É –Ω–µ–≥–æ —Å—ã–Ω–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏—è –±—ã–ª —Å–∞–º –ü–µ—Ç—Ä I, –ø–æ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ –æ—Ç—Ü–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–≤—à–∏–π –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ø–æ–¥ —Å–≤–æ–µ –ø–æ–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏–π –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ (1705-1775), –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –æ—Ç—Ü–æ–º –≤ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É, –¥–æ—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª—Å—è –¥–æ –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª–∞-–ø–æ—Ä—É—á–∏–∫–∞, –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω –∫ –∞—Ä–º–∏–∏, –±—ã–≤—à–µ–π –∑–∞ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü–µ–π (1760), –±—ã–ª –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –ü—Ä—É—Å—Å–∏–∏ (5 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1760 – 27 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1761), —Å–µ–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º. –û–Ω –∑–Ω–∞–ª –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤ –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–µ–ª —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏–Ω–∂–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞ –í–æ–±–∞–Ω–∞ “–û—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π”. –ò–º–µ–ª –æ–±—à–∏—Ä–Ω—É—é –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫—É, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–≤—à—É—é –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∏–∑ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–Ω–∏–≥. –í 1729 –≥–æ–¥—É —É –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è —Å—ã–Ω –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä. –ï–≥–æ –º–∞—Ç—å –ï–≤–¥–æ–∫–∏—è –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞, —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –ú–∞–Ω—É–∫–æ–≤–∞, —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –ø—Ä–∏–≤–∏—Ç—å —Å—ã–Ω—É –¥–æ–±—Ä—ã–µ –Ω—Ä–∞–≤—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ú–Ω–æ–≥–æ–µ –æ–Ω –ø–µ—Ä–µ–Ω—è–ª –∏ –æ—Ç –æ—Ç—Ü–∞, –∞ –µ–≥–æ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–µ –±—É–¥—É—â–∏–π –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–µ—Ü –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω —Å–≤–æ–∏–º –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º.

–ù–∞—á–∞–≤ —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É —Å —Å–æ–ª–¥–∞—Ç–∞ –≤ —Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–µ–π —é–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–ª –ø–æ–ª—É–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤–æ–π –ø—É—Ç—å –±–æ–µ–≤–æ–π —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã. 28 –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1799 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∑–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –ê–ª—å–ø—ã –ê. –í. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—Å–∏–º—É—Å–æ–º. –ü–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤—ã—Å—à–µ–≥–æ –≤–æ–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –≤—ã–∏–≥—Ä–∞–≤—à–∏–º —à–µ—Å—Ç—å –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∫–æ–≤ —Å—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π –∏ –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–≥—Ä–∞–≤—à–∏–º –±—ã–ª–æ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–º –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –∑–∞—Å–ª—É–≥ –≥–µ–Ω–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Ü–∞. –ü–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–æ—Ç–∏–∑–º –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω –Ω–∞ –∏–¥–µ–µ —Å–ª—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –û—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É, –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–æ–π –≤–µ—Ä–µ –≤ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏–µ –±–æ–µ–≤—ã–µ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ–∏–Ω–∞, –≤ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø–æ–¥—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤. –í —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä–µ 1774 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–æ—Ä–æ–∫–∞—á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ—Ö–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–π –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–µ—Ü –∂–µ–Ω–∏–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ –¥–≤–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—Ä–µ—Ö–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–µ–π –í–∞—Ä–≤–∞—Ä–µ –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–µ –ü—Ä–æ–∑–æ—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π, –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä–∏ –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–∞–Ω—à–µ—Ñ–∞ –∫–Ω—è–∑—è –ò. –ê. –ü—Ä–æ–∑–æ—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –°–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∏ –æ –í–∞—Ä–≤–∞—Ä–µ: “–æ–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∞–≤–∏—Ü–µ–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ç–∏–ø–∞, –ø–æ–ª–Ω–∞—è, —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–Ω–∞—è, —Ä—É–º—è–Ω–∞—è” –∏ –Ω–µ–±–æ–≥–∞—Ç–∞—è. –ù–æ –≥–µ—Ä–æ—é –≤—Å–µ—Ö –≤–æ–π–Ω –∏ —Å—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –æ–Ω —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª, –∏–º–ø–æ–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ä–æ–¥–∞ –ü—Ä–æ–∑–æ—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∏–≤–∞—è –Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫–Ω—è–∂–Ω—ã. 16 –∞–≤–≥—É—Å—Ç–∞ 1775 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —É –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –¥–æ—á—å –ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª—å—è, –Ω–µ–∂–Ω–æ –ª—é–±–∏–º–∞—è –æ—Ç—Ü–æ–º “–°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ—á–∫–∞”. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –µ–π –±—ã–ª–æ –¥–≤–∞ –≥–æ–¥–∞, –æ–Ω —Å —É–º–∏–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–î–æ—á–∫–∞ –≤—Å—è –≤ –º–µ–Ω—è –∏ –≤ —Ö–æ–ª–æ–¥ –±–µ–≥–∞–µ—Ç –±–æ—Å–∏–∫–æ–º –ø–æ –≥—Ä—è–∑–∏”. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏–≤–∞–ª: “–°–º–µ—Ä—Ç—å –º–æ—è –¥–ª—è –û—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –º–æ—è –¥–ª—è –ù–∞—Ç–∞—à–∏”. –í–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –æ–Ω–∞ –≤ –ò–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–µ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ–≤–∏—Ü.

–í 1784 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ —Å–µ–º—å–µ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è —Å—ã–Ω –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏–π. –í–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –ò—Ç–∞–ª—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –≤ 1799 –≥–æ–¥—É –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏–π –±—ã–ª –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω –∫ –æ—Ç—Ü—É –≤ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â—É—é –∞—Ä–º–∏—é. –°–º–µ–ª–æ—Å—Ç—å –∏ –æ—Ç–≤–∞–≥–∞ –ø—è—Ç–Ω–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–∏–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–µ–≥–æ —Å—ã–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–ª–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–¥–æ—Å—Ç—å—é —Å–µ—Ä–¥—Ü–µ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ–∏–Ω–∞. –ì–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª –ü. –•. –ì—Ä–∞–±–±–µ, –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–≤—à–∏–π—Å—è —Å –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏–µ–º –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–µ–º –≤ 1809 –≥–æ–¥—É, –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –æ –Ω–µ–º: “–ö–Ω—è–∑—å –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ä–æ—Å—Ç–∞, –±–µ–ª–æ–∫—É—Ä—ã–π, –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å–∏–ª—ã –∏ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–µ–π—à–∏—Ö –º—É–∂—á–∏–Ω —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏. –° –ø—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º —è—Å–Ω—ã–º —É–º–æ–º, –ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–Ω—ã–º –≥–æ–ª–æ—Å–æ–º –∏ –º—è–≥–∫–∏–º —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ–º, —Å –¥—É—à–æ–π, –Ω–µ –∑–Ω–∞–≤—à–µ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞ –Ω–∏ –≤ –∫–∞–∫–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏, —Å –∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–º –±–µ—Å—Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω—ã–º –≤ –≤–æ–π—Å–∫–∞—Ö –∏ –≤ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–µ, –æ–Ω –±—ã–ª –∏–¥–µ–∞–ª–æ–º –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–µ—Ä–∞ –∏ —Å–æ–ª–¥–∞—Ç–∞”. –ü—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü –í—é—Ä—Ç–µ–º–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–ï–≥–æ –∑–Ω–∞–ª–∏ –∑–∞ —Å–º–µ–ª—å—á–∞–∫–∞ –∏ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ –≥–æ—Ä—è—á–µ–≥–æ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π —É—Ü–µ–ª–µ–ª –¥–æ —Å–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Ä —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä—è –Ω–µ–ø–æ–Ω—è—Ç–Ω–æ–º—É —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç—å—é”. –ù–µ–¥—é–∂–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ —Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å–æ —Å–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º –∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–º –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä—É: –≤ 25 –ª–µ—Ç –æ–Ω —É–∂–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª –¥–∏–≤–∏–∑–∏–µ–π. –ù–æ –≤ 1811 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ-—Ç—É—Ä–µ—Ü–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–ª–µ–π—Ç–µ–Ω–∞–Ω—Ç –ê. –ê. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–ª—Å—è —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à—É—é —Ä–µ—á–∫—É –†—ã–º–Ω—ã, –Ω–∞ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞—Ö –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –µ–≥–æ –æ—Ç–µ—Ü –æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª –∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—É—é –ø–æ–±–µ–¥—É, –∑–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –µ–º—É –±—ã–ª –ø—Ä–∏—Å–≤–æ–µ–Ω –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ—Å–∫–∏–π —Ç–∏—Ç—É–ª —Å –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –†—ã–º–Ω–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π. –ù–µ–æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ –∫–æ–ª—è—Å–∫–∞ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≥–æ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –æ–ø—Ä–æ–∫–∏–Ω—É–ª–∞—Å—å. –ü—ã—Ç–∞—è—Å—å —Å–ø–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –Ω–µ —É–º–µ–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –ø–ª–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –∫—É—á–µ—Ä–∞, –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏–π –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á —É—Ç–æ–Ω—É–ª.

–û—Ç –±—Ä–∞–∫–∞ —Å –ï–ª–µ–Ω–æ–π –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –ù–∞—Ä—ã—à–∫–∏–Ω–æ–π –∫–Ω—è–∑—å –ê. –ê. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª –¥–≤—É—Ö —Å—ã–Ω–æ–≤–µ–π: –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –∏ –ö–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ –∏ –¥–≤—É—Ö –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–π: –ú–∞—Ä–∏—é –∏ –í–∞—Ä–≤–∞—Ä—É. –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥—å–µ–≤–∏—á –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ (1805-1882), –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–∞–¥—ä—é—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç, –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª –æ—Ç –∏–Ω—Ñ–∞–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∏, —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –≤ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ-—Ç—É—Ä–µ—Ü–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–π–Ω–µ 1827-1828 –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ –∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ-—Ç—É—Ä–µ—Ü–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–π–Ω–µ 1828-1829 –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤, —Å 1848 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –õ–∏—Ñ–ª—è–Ω–¥—Å–∫–∏–π, –≠—Å—Ç–ª—è–Ω–¥—Å–∫–∏–π –∏ –ö—É—Ä–ª—è–Ω–¥—Å–∫–∏–π –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä. –í 1861 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–∏–º –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º. –ß–ª–µ–Ω –ì–æ—Å—Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞. –ö–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥—å–µ–≤–∏—á –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ (1809-1877), –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫, –≥–æ—Ñ–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä. –ü–æ –≤—ã—Å–æ—á–∞–π—à–µ–º—É –ø–æ–≤–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –æ—Ç 5 —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è 1848 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤–Ω—É–∫–∞–º –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—Å–∏–º—É—Å–∞ –∫–Ω—è–∑—è –ê. –í. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞, –∫–Ω—è–∑—å—è–º –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä—É –∏ –ö–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω—É –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥—å–µ–≤–∏—á–∞–º –ò—Ç–∞–ª–∏–π—Å–∫–∏–º, –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∞–º –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—ã–º-–†—ã–º–Ω–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã —Å –∏—Ö –Ω–∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–∏–º –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º —Ç–∏—Ç—É–ª—ã —Å–≤–µ—Ç–ª–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π. –ö–Ω—è–∑—å –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥—å–µ–≤–∏—á –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª —Å—ã–Ω–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞—è. –° –µ–≥–æ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç—å—é –≤ 1893 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –∫–Ω—è–∂–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –∏ –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ—Å–∫–∞—è –≤–µ—Ç–≤—å —Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—ã—Ö. –ù–æ –≤–µ—Ä–Ω–µ–º—Å—è –∫ –ª—é–±–∏–º–æ–π –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä–∏ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Ü–∞ –ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª—å–µ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–µ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–æ–π. –í 1791 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω–∞ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª–∞ –ò–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ–≤–∏—Ü –∏ –≤ –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª–µ 1794 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤—ã—à–ª–∞ –∑–∞–º—É–∂ –∑–∞ –æ–±–µ—Ä-—à—Ç–∞–ª–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–∞ –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∞.

–§–∞–º–∏–ª–∏—è –ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã—Ö –≤ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∞ —Å 1237 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –°—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã—Ö –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥, —Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ —Å—É–¥–µ–π –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ü—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–∞. –ü—Ä–∏ –æ—Å–∞–¥–µ –°–º–æ–ª–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∞ –≤ 1634 –≥–æ–¥—É –±—ã–ª —É–±–∏—Ç –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –ó—É–±–æ–≤. –í –ì–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–µ –æ –Ω–∏—Ö –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç—Å—è: “–ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã, –∑–∞ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–Ω—É—é —Ö—Ä–∞–±—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—å –æ—Ç —Ü–∞—Ä—è –ú–∏—Ö–∞–∏–ª–∞ –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø–æ–º–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–º–∏”. –î–µ–¥ –º—É–∂–∞ –ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª—å–∏ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω—ã –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–æ–π –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–π –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–∏—á –ó—É–±–æ–≤ (1699-1786) – —á–ª–µ–Ω –ö–æ–ª–ª–µ–≥–∏–∏ –≠–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏–∏. –û—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –±—Ä–∞–∫–∞ —Å –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω–æ–π –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω–æ–π –¢—Ä–µ–≥—É–±–æ–≤–æ–π –∏–º–µ–ª —Ç—Ä–µ—Ö —Å—ã–Ω–æ–≤–µ–π: –ê—Ñ–∞–Ω–∞—Å–∏—è, –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –∏ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏—è. –í—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –µ–≥–æ –∂–µ–Ω–∞ –ê–≥–∞—Ñ—å—è –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –ù–∞—É–º–æ–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –±–ª–∏–∑–∫–∞ –∫–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—É –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞–≤–µ—Ç—ã –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–Ω—ã –∏ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –µ–≥–æ —Å—ã–Ω–æ–≤—å—è —É–∂–µ –¥–µ—Ç—å–º–∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω—ã –≤ –≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–µ–π—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ–ª–∫–∏ –∏ –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —É—Å–ø–µ—à–Ω—É—é —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É. –ò–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤—ã–¥–≤–∏–Ω—É–ª—Å—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á (1727-1795). –ù–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–ª –æ–Ω —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É –≤ –ö–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–∏–∏, –≤ 1758 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤—ã—à–µ–ª –≤ –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∫—É –ø–æ–¥–ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º, –±—ã–ª –≤–∏—Ü–µ-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º, —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–ª –≤ —Ç–æ –∂–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∞ –ù. –ò. –°–∞–ª—Ç—ã–∫–æ–≤–∞. –° –≤–æ–∑–≤—ã—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Å—ã–Ω–∞ –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–∞ –≤ 1792 –≥–æ–¥—É –±—ã–ª –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω –æ–±–µ—Ä-–ø—Ä–æ–∫—É—Ä–æ—Ä–æ–º –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –¥–µ–ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∞–º–µ–Ω—Ç. –ß–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ —É–º–Ω—ã–π, –Ω–æ –±–µ—Å—á–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –∏ –∑–ª–æ–π, –ø—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–∏–ª—Å—è –≤–∑—è—Ç–æ—á–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –∏ –ª–∏—Ö–æ–∏–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º, –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—è—Å—å –º–æ–≥—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –≤–ª–∏—è–Ω–∏–µ–º —Å—ã–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–µ II. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–∞ —É –Ω–µ–≥–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –µ—â–µ —Ç—Ä–∏ —Å—ã–Ω–∞: –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–π, –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π –∏ –í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–∞–Ω. –ë–æ–ª—å—à–æ–µ –≤–ª–∏—è–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ –∏–º–µ–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ –¥–æ—á—å –û–ª—å–≥–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –ñ–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ü–æ–≤–∞ (1766-1849).

–ù–∞ —Å—É–¥—å–±–µ –∏ –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä–µ –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤ –æ—Ç—Ä–∞–∑–∏–ª—Å—è “—Ñ–∞–≤–æ—Ä” –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–∞ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∞. –í–æ—Å—å–º–∏–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–º —Ä–µ–±–µ–Ω–∫–æ–º –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω –±—ã–ª –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω –≤ –ª–µ–π–±-–≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–∏–∏ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–æ–ª–∫, –æ—Ç–∫—É–¥–∞ –≤ 1779 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω –≤ –ö–æ–Ω–Ω—É—é –≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–∏—é. –ü–æ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–∏–º —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–º, –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª—Å—è –º—É–∑—ã–∫–æ–π, –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏–≤–∞–ª –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –∫ —Å–ª–æ–≤–µ—Å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª –∂–∏–≤–æ–π —Ä–µ—á—å—é, –Ω–µ –ª–∏—à–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ—É–º–∏—è —Å –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Å—å—é –∏—Ä–æ–Ω–∏–∏ –∏, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ –µ–≥–æ “—Å–ª—É—á–∞—é”, –æ–±–ª–∞–¥–∞–ª –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∏–≤–æ–π –≤–Ω–µ—à–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é: —Ä–æ—Å—Ç–∞ –æ–Ω –±—ã–ª —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ, “–≥–∏–±–æ–∫, –º—É—Å–∫—É–ª–∏—Å—Ç –∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω, —É –Ω–µ–≥–æ –±—ã–ª –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏–π –ª–æ–± –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω—ã–µ –≥–ª–∞–∑–∞”. –í 1789 –≥–æ–¥—É –ó—É–±–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω—ã II. –ò–∑ –ø–æ—Ä—É—á–∏–∫–æ–≤ –ö–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–∏–∏ –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω –≤ –≤—ã—Å—à–∏–µ —á–∏–Ω—ã, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª –≥—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–º–µ—Å—Ç—å—è, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –∏ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–µ. –û–Ω –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª–æ–º-—Ñ–µ–ª—å–¥—Ü–µ–π—Ö–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–æ–º, –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥—É—é—â–∏–º –ß–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–º–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ñ–ª–æ—Ç–∞, –ù–æ–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–∏–º –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –∏ –ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–µ, –±—ã–ª –¥–∞–∂–µ –ø–æ—á–µ—Ç–Ω—ã–º –ª—é–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –ê–∫–∞–¥–µ–º–∏–∏ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤. –í 1793 –≥–æ–¥—É –ê. –ù. –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –µ–≥–æ —Å—ã–Ω–æ–≤–µ–π –≤–æ–∑–≤–µ–ª–∏ –≤ –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ—Å–∫–æ–µ –†–∏–º—Å–∫–æ–π –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –í –≤—ã–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ –∏–∑ –ì–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞ VI –æ –µ–≥–æ —Å—ã–Ω–µ –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–µ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç—Å—è: “–ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –ó—É–±–æ–≤ –æ—Ç —Ä–∏–º—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –§—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü–∞ II –ø–æ–∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω –≤ 1793 –≥–æ–¥—É —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è 7 –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–æ–º, –∏ 1796 –∏—é–Ω—è 2 –ø–æ–∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω –∫–Ω—è–∑–µ–º –†–∏–º—Å–∫–æ–π –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏ –∏ –Ω–∞ –æ–Ω–æ–µ –∫–Ω—è–∂–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å —Ç–∏—Ç—É–ª–æ–º —Å–≤–µ—Ç–ª–æ—Å—Ç–∏”. –ù–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç–∏–µ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ —Ç–∏—Ç—É–ª–∞ –∏ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –∏–º –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –≤ —Ç–æ–º –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ –≤—ã—Å–æ—á–∞–π—à–µ–µ —Å–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ.

–û –í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–∞–Ω–µ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–µ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–µ, –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª–µ –æ—Ç –∏–Ω—Ñ–∞–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∏, —á–ª–µ–Ω–µ –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞, –∫–∞–≤–∞–ª–µ—Ä–µ –æ—Ä–¥–µ–Ω–∞ –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ—è –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏ –ø—Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ß–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –û—Ä–ª–∞, –≤ –ì–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–µ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ: “–≤ —é–Ω—ã—Ö –ª–µ—Ç–∞—Ö –ø—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–∏–ª —Å–µ–±—è –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª–µ —Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–º –∏ —è–≤–∏–ª –¥–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª–∞, –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–∞–º–ø–∞–Ω–∏–∏ 1794 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –Ω–∞ –ö–∞–≤–∫–∞–∑–µ —Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ—é –∞—Ä–º–∏–µ—é, –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—é –Ω–∞ –∑–∞—â–∏—Ç—É –ì—Ä—É–∑–∏–∏ –æ—Ç –ü–µ—Ä—Å–∏–∏ –∏ –≤–∑—è–ª –î–µ—Ä–±–µ–Ω—Ç”. –≠—Ç–æ –≤ –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–µ; —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –∂–µ –æ—Ç–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ –Ω–µ–º –Ω–µ –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –ª–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ. –û—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –æ–Ω —Å–∫–æ–º–ø—Ä–æ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª —Å–µ–±—è –≤ –ü–æ–ª—å—à–µ. –í 1796 –≥–æ–¥—É –í. –ê. –ó—É–±–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥—É—é—â–∏–º –≤–æ–π—Å–∫, –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—é—â–∏—Ö—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ö–∞–≤–∫–∞–∑, –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–µ—Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç–∞ –µ–≥–æ –±—Ä–∞—Ç–∞ –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–∞ – –∑–∞–≤–æ–µ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –≤—Å–µ–π –±–ª–∏–∂–Ω–µ–π –ê–∑–∏–∏ –¥–æ –¢–∏–±–µ—Ç–∞. –í–æ–π–Ω–∞ –≤ –ü–µ—Ä—Å–∏–∏ —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏—Ö —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤ –∏ —Å–æ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç—å—é –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∞. –ë–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –Ω–∞—É—á–Ω—ã–π –∏ –ø–æ–∑–Ω–∞–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –∏ —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∞—Ü–∏—è –ù. –§. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω—ã–º, –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–º —É—á–µ–Ω—ã–º, –¥–≤–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º –±—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–º –ï. –ê. –ó—É–±–æ–≤–æ–π, —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –û–±–æ–ª–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π, –≤ –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–µ “–†—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–π –ê—Ä—Ö–∏–≤” –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏ –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∞ –í. –ê. –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∞ —Å–æ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º –±—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–º —Å–≤–µ—Ç–ª–µ–π—à–∏–º –∫–Ω—è–∑–µ–º –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–æ–º –ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã–º, –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –ù–æ–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –∏ –ó–∞–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏ “–û–±—â–µ–µ –æ–±–æ–∑—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –¢–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª—è —Å –ê–∑–∏–µ–π”, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –í. –ê. –ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã–º –¥–ª—è –ü. –ê. –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∞. –û –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–º–∞–π–æ—Ä–µ, –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–µ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–∏ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–µ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–µ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ —Å–∫—É–ø—ã. –°–ª—É–∂–∏–ª –≤ –ö–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–∏–∏. –í 1796 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å—Ç–æ—è–ª –≤–æ –≥–ª–∞–≤–µ –ö–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏–∏ –æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ–ª–∞—Ö. –£–π–¥—è –≤ –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∫—É, –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª—Å—è –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≤ –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ–∫ –æ–±—à–∏—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã—Ö –≤–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—è—Ö –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏. –ö –Ω–µ–º—É –ø–µ—Ä–µ—à–ª–∏ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã–µ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏—è –±—Ä–∞—Ç–∞ –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–∞, —Å–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–≤—à–µ–≥–æ—Å—è –≤ 1822 –≥–æ–¥—É. –í 1816 –≥–æ–¥—É –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π –ó—É–±–æ–≤ –∏–∑–¥–∞–ª “–ù–æ–≤—ã–π —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–± –≤–∏–Ω–æ–∫—É—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –≤–æ–¥—è–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–∞—Ä–æ–≤”.

–ú—É–∂ –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä–∏ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª—å–∏ – –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–π –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á, —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—à–∏–π –∏–∑ –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤ –ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã—Ö, —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ 1763 –≥–æ–¥—É. –ù–∞—á–∞–ª —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É –≤ –ö–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–∏–∏, –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ —Å 1793 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –ì–∏–≥–∞–Ω—Ç, –æ–±–ª–∞–¥–∞–≤—à–∏–π –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π —Ñ–∏–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–∏–ª–æ–π, –Ω–æ –≥—Ä—É–±—ã–π –∏ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–º–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–π —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫. –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏–ª –ü–∞–≤–ª–∞ –≤ –ì–∞—Ç—á–∏–Ω–µ –æ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω—ã II –∏ –ø—Ä–∏ –≤–æ—Å—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ –µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–ª –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª –æ—Ä–¥–µ–Ω –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ—è –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ. –í—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–æ–º –±—ã–ª –≤—ã—Å–ª–∞–Ω –∏–∑ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—ã, –Ω–æ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω –∏ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω –æ–±–µ—Ä-—à—Ç–∞–ª–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–æ–º. –í–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ –≤ –∑–∞–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤ –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –Ω–∞–Ω–µ—Å –ü–∞–≤–ª—É I —É–¥–∞—Ä –≤ –ª–µ–≤—ã–π –≤–∏—Å–æ–∫ –º–∞—Å—Å–∏–≤–Ω–æ–π —Ç–∞–±–∞–∫–µ—Ä–∫–æ–π, –æ—Ç—á–µ–≥–æ –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä —É–ø–∞–ª –±–µ–∑ —Å–æ–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è. –ü—Ä–∏ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–µ I –Ω–µ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –≤–ª–∏—è–Ω–∏–µ–º. –£–º–µ—Ä –≤ 1805 –≥–æ–¥—É. –û—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª —Ç—Ä–µ—Ö —Å—ã–Ω–æ–≤–µ–π: –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞, –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–∞ –∏ –í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–∞–Ω–∞ –∏ –¥–≤—É—Ö –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–π: –û–ª—å–≥—É –∏ –õ—é–±–æ–≤—å. –í–Ω—É–∫ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á –ó—É–±–æ–≤ (1798-1855) –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª —Å –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏–µ–º –ü–∞–∂–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–æ—Ä–ø—É—Å –∏ –≤—ã–ø—É—â–µ–Ω –∫–æ—Ä–Ω–µ—Ç–æ–º –≤ –ö–∞–≤–∞–ª–µ—Ä–≥–∞—Ä–¥—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–æ–ª–∫. –í 1827 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ —á–∏–Ω–µ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –≤—ã—à–µ–ª –≤ –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∫—É –∏ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª –≤ –º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–æ–≤. –£–º–µ—Ä –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ —Ö–æ–ª–æ—Å—Ç—ã–º. –í—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –≤–Ω—É–∫ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Ü–∞ –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ –í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–∞–Ω –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á –ó—É–±–æ–≤ –≤ 1838 –≥–æ–¥—É –∂–µ–Ω–∏–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–µ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–µ –û–±–æ–ª–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π, –¥–≤–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ –Æ—Ä–∏—è –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ –µ–µ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏, –∫–Ω—è–∂–Ω—ã –ê–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–µ–Ω—ã –Æ—Ä—å–µ–≤–Ω—ã, –∂–µ–Ω—ã –ö–∞–ª—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –∫–Ω—è–∑—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –û–±–æ–ª–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –≤ —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏ –ª–µ—Ç –∂–∏–ª–∞ –≤ —Å–µ–º—å–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω—ã—Ö. –í–æ –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–µ —Ç—Ä–∏–¥—Ü–∞—Ç—ã—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ —Å–µ–º—å—è –û–±–æ–ª–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ.

–î–µ—Ç–∏ –≤—ã—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏, –∞ –∏—Ö —É –∫–Ω—è–∑—è –±—ã–ª–æ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–µ—Ä–æ. –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π —É—á–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ –≤ –£—á–∏–ª–∏—â–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ú–∞—Ä–∏—è —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ —Ñ—Ä–µ–π–ª–∏–Ω–æ–π —É –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—Ä–∏—Ü—ã. –í–∞—Ä–≤–∞—Ä–∞ –≤—ã—à–ª–∞ –∑–∞–º—É–∂ –∑–∞ –±–ª–∏–∑–∫–æ–≥–æ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞ –ú. –Æ. –õ–µ—Ä–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∞ – –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –õ–æ–ø—É—Ö–∏–Ω–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –≤ —Å–∏–Ω–æ–¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ–Ω—Ç–æ—Ä–µ. –ò—Ö —Å—ã–Ω—É –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä—É, —Ä–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–µ–º—É—Å—è –≤ 1839 –≥–æ–¥—É, –ø–æ—ç—Ç –ø–æ—Å–≤—è—Ç–∏–ª —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ “–†–µ–±–µ–Ω–∫–∞ –º–∏–ª–æ–≥–æ —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω—å–µ”. –õ–µ—Ä–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª –¥—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω —Å –¥–≤–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º –±—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–º –í. –ù. –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∞ –î. –ì. –†–æ–∑–µ–Ω–æ–º. –í 1840-41 –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∏–µ–∑–¥–æ–≤ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É –ø–æ—ç—Ç –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –º–æ–ª–æ–¥—ã–º–∏ –õ–æ–ø—É—Ö–∏–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏ –ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —É –û–±–æ–ª–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö, –°–≤–µ—Ä–±–µ–µ–≤—ã—Ö, —É –†–æ–∑–µ–Ω–∞ –∏ —É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω—ã—Ö. –í –¥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–µ –Æ. –§. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–µ–π –æ –ø—Ä–µ–±—ã–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –õ–µ—Ä–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∞ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –∏ –≤ –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª–µ 1841 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –í–æ—Ç –æ–¥–Ω–∞ –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö: “–ó–∞ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –¥–Ω–µ–π –¥–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –æ—Ç—ä–µ–∑–¥–∞, –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–ª —É –Ω–∞—Å –≤–µ—á–µ—Ä —Å –ì–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏ –ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã–º–∏. –ù–∞ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π –¥–µ–Ω—å —è –≤–∏–¥–µ–ª—Å—è —Å –Ω–∏–º —É –û–±–æ–ª–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö”. –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –û–±–æ–ª–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è, –≤ –∑–∞–º—É–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∞, –±—ã–ª–∞ –Ω–µ–∂–Ω–æ–π –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∂–µ–Ω—â–∏–Ω–æ–π. –ó–Ω–∞–≤—à–∏–µ –µ–µ –±–∞–±—É—à–∫—É –ï. –ù. –•–æ–≤–∞–Ω—Å–∫—É—é, —á–µ–π –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑ —É–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤–µ—á–µ–Ω —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –î. –ì. –õ–µ–≤–∏—Ü–∫–∏–º –Ω–∞ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–º –ø–æ—Ä—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–µ –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω–∏—Ü –°–º–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–∞ –ï. –ù. –•—Ä—É—â–µ–≤–æ–π –∏ –ï. –ù. –•–æ–≤–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π, —É–≤–µ—Ä—è–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–≤–æ—é –±–∞–±—É—à–∫—É. –ú–Ω–æ–≥–æ–µ —É –Ω–µ–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –∏ –æ—Ç –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏, –ê–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–µ–Ω—ã –Æ—Ä—å–µ–≤–Ω—ã, –±—ã–≤—à–µ–π —Ñ—Ä–µ–π–ª–µ–Ω—ã –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—Ä–∏—Ü—ã –ú–∞—Ä–∏–∏ –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–Ω—ã –∏ –≤ —é–Ω—ã–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã –æ–±—â–∞–≤—à–µ–π—Å—è —Å –ø–æ—ç—Ç–∞–º–∏ –ê. –°. –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω—ã–º, –í. –ê. –ñ—É–∫–æ–≤—Å—Å–∫–∏–º –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º–∏.

–ò–º—è –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω—ã –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω—ã –ó—É–±–æ–≤–æ–π –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ —ç–ø–∏—Å—Ç–æ–ª—è—Ä–Ω–æ–º –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥–∏–∏ –ú. –Æ. –õ–µ—Ä–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∞. –¢–µ–ø–ª–æ –æ—Ç–∑—ã–≤–∞—è—Å—å –æ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–µ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–µ, –ê. –û. –°–º–∏—Ä–Ω–æ–≤–∞-–†–æ—Å—Å–µ—Ç –¥–∞–µ—Ç –æ—Ç—Ä–∏—Ü–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∫—É –µ–µ –º—É–∂—É, –í. –ù. –ó—É–±–æ–≤—É, –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç –µ–≥–æ “–¥—É—Ä–Ω–æ–π —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä”. –ú–ª–∞–¥—à–∞—è —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∞ –û–ª—å–≥–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –≤—ã—à–ª–∞ –∑–∞–º—É–∂ –∑–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞. –í 1825 –≥–æ–¥—É —É –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è —Å—ã–Ω, –Ω–∞—Ä–µ—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å –¥–µ–¥–∞ –ø–æ –æ—Ç—Ü—É –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–æ–º. –í—Å–µ–≥–æ –∂–µ –≤ —Å–µ–º—å–µ –≤–Ω—É—á–∫–∏ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –µ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –≤—ã—Ä–æ—Å–ª–æ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç—å –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π – –ø—è—Ç—å —Å—ã–Ω–æ–≤–µ–π –∏ –ø—è—Ç—å –¥–æ—á–µ–∫. –í –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –î–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –î–µ–ø—É—Ç–∞—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ—Ç 28 –∏—é–Ω—è 1845 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ –≤–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ê. –°. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ —Å –¥–µ—Ç—å–º–∏ –µ–≥–æ –≤ VI —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–æ–¥–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ: “–æ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –∂–µ —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –æ—Ç –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π: –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–∞, –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞—è, –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞, –ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª–∏–∏, –ú–∞—Ä–∏–∏, –õ–∏–¥–∏–∏, –õ—é–±–æ–≤–∏, –í–µ—Ä—ã, –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏—è –∏ –ú–∏—Ö–∞–∏–ª–∞ —É–¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–µ—Ä—è—é—Ç –º–µ—Ç—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –î—É—Ö–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –ö–æ–Ω—Å–∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏”. –í —á–∏–Ω–µ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –≤ 1833 –≥–æ–¥—É –∫–∞–º–µ—Ä–≥–µ—Ä –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª —Å–≤–æ—é –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫—É—é —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É –ø–æ–ø–µ—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –ú–∞—Ç—Ä–æ—Å—Å–∫–æ–π –±–æ–≥–æ–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ. –£—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –≤ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–∞ –∂–∏–≤–æ–ø–∏—Å–∏, –≤–∞—è–Ω–∏—è –∏ –∑–æ–¥—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞.

–í 1844 –≥–æ–¥—É –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ë—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏, —Å –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–∞ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è, —Å–ª—É–∂–µ–±–Ω–∞—è –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω—ã—Ö. –ò–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å, –ø–æ—á–µ—Ç–Ω—ã–π –º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–æ–π —Å—É–¥—å—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –ê. –î. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω —Å 1893 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ª–µ—Ç –±—ã–ª –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–º –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–∑ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–æ–≤ –ë—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞. –ú–Ω–æ–≥–æ–µ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–ª –¥–ª—è —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏—è —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏–∫–∏, –ø—Ä–æ—Å–≤–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∑–¥—Ä–∞–≤–æ–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä—ã –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–µ –≤–Ω—É–∫ –ê. –°. –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω. –í 1894 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω—ã–º –±—ã–ª –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–º –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∞ –ë—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞. –° 1899 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∫–∞–º–µ—Ä-—é–Ω–∫–µ—Ä –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω – —É–µ–∑–¥–Ω—ã–π –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –í 1913-16 –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –∫–∞–º–µ—Ä–≥–µ—Ä –ê. –ê. –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω – –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –£–µ–∑–¥–Ω–æ–π –ó–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–π –£–ø—Ä–∞–≤—ã. –£–º–µ—Ä –æ–Ω 3 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1916 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∏ –ø–æ—Ö–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ–Ω –≤ –ë—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ü–∞—Ö. –í 1850 –≥–æ–¥—É –ê. –°. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–ª–∏ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–º —Å–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º —Å—É–¥—å–µ–π. –í –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤–Ω–æ–º –¥–µ–ª–µ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∞ —Ç–æ—á–Ω–∞—è –¥–∞—Ç–∞ –µ–≥–æ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ – 22 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1858 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –í–¥–æ–≤–∞ —Ç–∞–π–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –û–ª—å–≥–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞, –ø—Ä–æ–∂–∏–≤–∞–≤—à–∞—è –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ, –Ω–æ –∏–º–µ–≤—à–∞—è –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏, –ø–æ–¥–∞–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –∏–º—è –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ë–æ—Ä–∏—Å–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –û–±—É—Ö–æ–≤–∞ –æ –≤–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –µ—ë —Ñ–∞–º–∏–ª–∏–∏ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫—É—é –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫—É—é —Ä–æ–¥–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω—É—é –∫–Ω–∏–≥—É.

–í–Ω—É—á–∫–∞ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∞: “–†–æ–¥ –Ω–∞—à –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–Ω–µ—Å—ë–Ω –≤ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫—É—é —Ä–æ–¥–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω—É—é –∫–Ω–∏–≥—É –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏, –≤ —à–µ—Å—Ç—É—é —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–≥–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ù–æ –∫–∞–∫ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –∑–∞ –º–Ω–æ—é –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–µ –Ω–µ–¥–≤–∏–∂–∏–º–æ–µ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –≥–¥–µ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–æ 2000 –¥—É—à –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω, —Ç–æ –Ω–∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–∞, —è —Å —Å–µ–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –∂–µ–ª–∞—é –±—ã—Ç—å –≤–Ω–µ—Å—ë–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫—É—é —Ä–æ–¥–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω—É—é –∫–Ω–∏–≥—É –≤ —à–µ—Å—Ç—É—é —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –∏ –ø–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏”. –ü–µ—Ä–µ—á–∏—Å–ª—è–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ–º—ã–µ –∫ –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—é –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã–µ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã. –í –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–Ω—É—á–∫–∞ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Ü–∞ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞ —Å–≤–æ–π –∞–≤—Ç–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ: “–í–¥–æ–≤–∞ —Ç–∞–π–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –û–ª—å–≥–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ —Ä—É–∫—É –ø—Ä–∏–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª–∞, –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–¥–∞—Ç—å –∏ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –≤–≤–µ—Ä—è—é –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å —Å—ã–Ω—É –º–æ–µ–º—É, –∫–æ–ª–ª–µ–∂—Å–∫–æ–º—É —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä—é –ü–µ—Ç—Ä—É –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á—É –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω—É”. –ò–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–∞ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—å —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π: “–ù–∞ –ø–∞–º—è—Ç—å”, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç—Å—è –≤–∞–∂–Ω—ã–µ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ –≤–Ω—É—á–∫–µ –∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—É–∫–∞—Ö –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞: “1. –°–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≥-–∂–∏ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π, –≤—ã–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –µ–π –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–º –í–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º, –Ω—ã–Ω–µ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–∏–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–æ, –∏–±–æ –æ–Ω–æ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –∏ –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–º —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ–º –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–æ. 2. –î–µ—Ç–∏ –û. –ù. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π – –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω – –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π –Ω–∞–¥–≤–æ—Ä–Ω—ã–π —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫. –ü—ë—Ç—Ä –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω – –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ–ª–ª–µ–∂—Å–∫–∏–π —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä—å. –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏–π –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω – —Ç–∏—Ç—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—ã–π —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫, —Å–ª—É–∂–∏—Ç –ø–æ –º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤—É –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ–ª. –ú–∏—Ö–∞–∏–ª –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω –≤—ã–ø—É—â–µ–Ω –∏–∑ –ü–∞–∂–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ—Ä–ø—É—Å–∞ —Å —á–∏–Ω–æ–º –∫–æ–ª–ª–µ–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä—è. –î–µ–≤–∏—Ü—ã –õ—é–±–æ–≤—å –∏ –í–µ—Ä–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω—ã –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω—ã. 3. –í–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—Ç –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∏ –∫–æ–ø–∏—é —Å –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–æ–∫–æ–ª–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—è —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –∏–º—è –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –≤ —Å–µ–ª–æ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∫—É —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏—Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞.

24 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1862 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –û. –ù. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π. –í –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–µ —Ä–æ–¥–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∞ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–æ: “–°–ª—É—à–∞–ª–∏: –í–¥–æ–≤–∞ —Ç–∞–π–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –û–ª—å–≥–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≤ —Å–∏–µ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ–±—ä—è—Å–Ω–∏–ª–∞, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∞ —Å —Ä–æ–¥–æ–º —Å–≤–æ–∏–º —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—é –≤ 6 —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –î–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–æ–¥–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏, –Ω—ã–Ω–µ –∂–µ –æ–Ω–∞ –∂–µ–ª–∞–µ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ—á–∏—Å–ª–∏—Ç—å —Ä–æ–¥ —Å–≤–æ–π –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ, —Å –≤–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≤ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–≤—É—é –∂–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç—å —Ä–æ–¥–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏”. –†–∞—Å—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–≤ –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏–Ω–∏ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ –≤–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Ç–∞–π–Ω–æ–π —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏—Ü—ã –û. –ù. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π –∏ –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π –µ—ë –≤ 6 —á–∞—Å—Ç—å (—Ç–æ–º) –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–æ–¥–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –≤–Ω—É—á–∫–∞ –∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—É–∫–∏ –ê. –í. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞, –∏–º–µ–≤—à–∏–µ –æ–±—à–∏—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–µ, –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω–∞–º–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –ê –ø–æ–∫–∞ —Å—É—Ç—å –¥–∞ –¥–µ–ª–æ, –ü. –ê. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω –±—ã–ª –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–Ω –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ –ß–∏—Å—Ç–æ–ø–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–µ –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–µ—Ö–∞–ª —Ç—É–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –í –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª–µ 1863 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–≤ 2 —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –¥–æ–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª –≤ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–µ: “–ö–æ–ª–ª–µ–∂—Å–∫–∏–π —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä—å –ü—ë—Ç—Ä –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –ß–∏—Å—Ç–æ–ø–æ–ª–µ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏, –≥–¥–µ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏—Ç –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞ – –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –ø—Ä–µ–ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω—ã –≤ –ß–∏—Å—Ç–æ–ø–æ–ª—å”.

–ö–æ–ø–∏—é —Å –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–æ–∫–æ–ª–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–µ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –ß–∏—Å—Ç–æ–ø–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–µ —É–µ–∑–¥–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π—Å–∫–æ–µ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤—Ä—É—á–∏–ª–æ –ü. –ê. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω—É 4 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1864 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤–µ –∏ –Ω—ã–Ω–µ —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ç—Å—è –∞–≤—Ç–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—É–∫–∞ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –ü. –ê. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ – –µ–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ –æ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤: “–∫–æ–ª–ª–µ–∂—Å–∫–∏–π —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä—å –ü. –ê. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω”. –ó–µ–º–ª–∏ –≤–Ω—É—á–∫–∏ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –∏ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–æ—é –¥–æ–ª–µ—é –∑–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ –≤ –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π —É–µ–∑–¥ (–ø–æ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–º—É –¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é —ç—Ç–∏ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç—Å—è –≤ –®–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º, –ß–µ–ª–Ω–æ-–í–µ—Ä—à–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –∏ –°–µ—Ä–≥–∏–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞—Ö). –ú–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞—è. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞–ª–∞ —Ä–µ—á–∫–∞ –ö–æ–Ω–¥—É—Ä—á–∞. –ì–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º –∫–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π –±—ã–ª –ª–µ—Å. –°–∞–º–æ–π –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å—ë–π —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–µ–≥–æ –¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞ —è–≤–ª—è–ª–∞—Å—å —Å–¥–∞—á–∞ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ –≤ –∞—Ä–µ–Ω–¥—É. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –û. –ù. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–∞ —Å —Å—ã–Ω–æ–º –°. –ê. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω—ã–º –∏–º–µ–ª–∏ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ –≤ –°—Ç–∞–≤—Ä–æ–ø–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–µ. –®–ª–∏ –≥–æ–¥—ã. –ò–º–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ —Ä—É–∫–∏. –ù–∞ –∞—É–∫—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–∞—Ö –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—É—é —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –µ–≥–æ (–±–æ–ª–µ–µ 16 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á –¥–µ—Å. —É–¥–æ–±–Ω–æ–π –∑–µ–º–ª–∏) –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ–ª–∞ –ø–æ —Ü–µ–Ω–µ 14 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π –∑–∞ –¥–µ—Å. –∂–µ–Ω–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ë–µ–¥—Ä—è–≥–∏ –°–æ—Ñ—å—è –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω–∞, –¥–æ—á—å —à—Ç–∞–±—Å-—Ä–æ—Ç–º–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞—è –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –¢–µ–≤–µ—à–µ–≤–∞. –ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —ç—Ç–∏ 16061 –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω —É–¥–æ–±–Ω–æ–π –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ —á–∏—Å–ª–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –û–∫–ª–∞–¥–µ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–±–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –ø–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º—É —É–µ–∑–¥—É. –í—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ –°. –ù. –ë–µ–¥—Ä—è–≥–∞ –∫—É–ø–∏–ª–∞ —É –ø–æ–º–µ—â–∏–∫–æ–≤ –õ–∞–∑–∞—Ä–µ–≤—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–µ–ª–µ –®–∏–ª–æ–≤–∫–∞ –ó—É–±–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –µ—â—ë 1072 –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω—ã, –Ω–æ —É–∂–µ –ø–æ 25 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π –∑–∞ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω—É. –í—Å–µ–≥–æ –∂–µ –°. –ù. –ë–µ–¥—Ä—è–≥–∞ –≤ –ó—É–±–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –®–ª–∞–º—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å—Ç—è—Ö –∫ 1883 –≥–æ–¥—É –∏–º–µ–ª–∞ 35409 –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω –∑–µ–º–ª–∏.

–í –ì–ê–°–û –∏–º–µ—é—Ç—Å—è –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã, —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–µ –æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥–µ –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞-—Ç–æ –æ–±—à–∏—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∏ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π –∫ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–º –ª–∏—Ü–∞–º. –í —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª–µ 1880 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –¥–æ–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∑–µ–º–ª–µ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª–∏—Ü—ã –°. –ù. –ë–µ–¥—Ä—è–≥–∞ –§. –ü. –®–µ–ø–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ–≤ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∞–ª –≤ –ó—É–±–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–µ –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ—à–ª–∞ “–¥—É—Ö–æ–≤–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤—É —Å–µ–ª–∞ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∫–∞ –∏ —Å–µ–ª–∞ –®–ª–∞–º—ã, –¥–∞ 200 –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º—É –∫—É–ø—Ü—É –ê—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–æ–≤—É –ø—Ä–∏ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ –°–∞–¥–∫–∞—Ö. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω—è –ö–æ—Ä–æ–ª–µ–≤–∫–∞ –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–≤—É –°–µ–º–µ–Ω—É –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á—É –∏ –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–µ–ª–µ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–µ–≤–∫–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª–∞ –≤ –ø—Ä–∏–¥–∞–Ω–æ–µ –∑–∞ –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä—å—é –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π –≥-–Ω—É –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–æ–º—É”. –û–± —ç—Ç–æ–º –∂–µ 30 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1880 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –≤ –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç–µ –Ω–∞ –∑–∞–ø—Ä–æ—Å –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–≤ 3 —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞: “–≤–æ –≤–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –º–Ω–µ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–µ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏, –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∞–≤—à–µ–π –û–ª—å–≥–µ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω–µ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π, –≤ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –Ω–µ—Ç. –ü—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∞—â–∞—è –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π –∑–µ–º–ª—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ—à–ª–∞ –≤–æ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–º –ª–∏—Ü–∞–º: –≥-–∂–µ –ë–µ–¥—Ä—è–≥–∞ –ø—Ä–∏ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∫–µ –∏ –®–ª–∞–º—ã, –≥-–∂–µ –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–µ–ª–µ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–µ–≤–∫–µ, –∫ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–∏–Ω—É –ö–∞—Å–∏–º–æ–≤—É –ø—Ä–∏ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ –ö–æ—Ä–æ–ª—ë–≤–∫–µ –∏ –∫ –∫—É–ø—Ü—É –ê—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–æ–≤—É –ø—Ä–∏ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ –°–∞–¥–∫–∞—Ö”. –ü—Ä–∏ –≤–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Ñ–∞–º–∏–ª–∏–∏ –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫—É—é —Ä–æ–¥–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω—É—é –∫–Ω–∏–≥—É –≤ 1862 –≥–æ–¥—É –∏–∑ –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–π –û–ª—å–≥–∏ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω—ã –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω—ã —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –¥–≤–µ: –õ—é–±–æ–≤—å –∏ –í–µ—Ä–∞. –ó–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç, –∫ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –µ–µ –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä–∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ —É–∂–µ –∑–∞–º—É–∂–µ–º, –∏–º—è –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ö –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ.

–î–µ–¥ –º—É–∂–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—É—á–∫–∏ –ê. –í. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –õ–∏–¥–∏–∏ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω—ã –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–¥ –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–µ–≤–∏—á –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–∏–π, –±—É–¥—É—á–∏ –ê—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –≤–∏—Ü–µ-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º, —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—Å–∫–∏–º —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º, –∂–µ–Ω–∏–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞–≤–µ—Ç–µ –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç–∏—à–Ω–µ, –Ω–µ–∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–Ω–æ—Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä–∏, –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω–∏—Ü–µ –ê—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç—ã –ê—Ñ–∞–Ω–∞—Å—å–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ë–µ–∫–µ—Ç–æ–≤–∞ (1729-1794), –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª–∞-–ø–æ—Ä—É—á–∏–∫–∞, —Å–µ–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞. –ï–≥–æ —Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –ê—Ñ–∞–Ω–∞—Å—å–µ–≤–Ω–∞ – –º–∞—Ç—å –ø–æ—ç—Ç–∞ –ò. –ò. –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–µ–≤–∞. –ò—Ö –æ—Ç–µ—Ü – –ê—Ñ–∞–Ω–∞—Å–∏–π –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ–µ–≤–∏—á –ë–µ–∫–µ—Ç–æ–≤, –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫, —Å 23 —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1791 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–µ. –£ –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞ –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –∏ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞–≤–µ—Ç—ã –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç–∏—à–Ω—ã –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–∏—Ö –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å—ã–Ω–æ–≤—å—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –∏ –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç–∞. –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–∏–π –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç–∞ –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≤–∏—á (1799-1862) – –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–µ–ª—å –∏ —Å–æ—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤–µ—Ü –ê. –°. –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω–∞ –ø–æ –ö–æ–ª–ª–µ–≥–∏–∏ –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ–ª, —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞–ª. –í –µ–≥–æ –¥–æ–º–µ (–ø—Ä–æ—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç –†–∏–º—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ-–ö–æ—Ä—Å–∞–∫–æ–≤–∞, 35) —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –∏ –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ “–ó–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∞—è –õ–∞–º–ø–∞” (1818-1820), –¥–µ–≤–∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ “–°–≤–µ—Ç –∏ –Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥–∞” – –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç –æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–º. –ü—Ä–æ—Å–≤–µ—â–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–µ–∂—å –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–∞ –æ–±—Å—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–∞ –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –∏ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º—ã, —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ —Ä–∞–∑–≥–æ—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–ø–æ—Ä—ã –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ç–µ–º—ã. –ù–∞ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –∏–∑ –∑–∞—Å–µ–¥–∞–Ω–∏–π “–ó–µ–ª–µ–Ω–æ–π –õ–∞–º–ø—ã”, –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ù. –ò. –ì–Ω–µ–¥–∏—á, –ê. –ê. –î–µ–ª—å–≤–∏–≥ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –µ–µ —á–ª–µ–Ω—ã, –ê. –°. –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–∞–Ω–∏–µ “–í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–æ–º—É”, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –≤ 1819 –≥–æ–¥—É. –í —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–∏ “–í –∫—Ä—É–≥—É —Å–µ–º–µ–π, –≤ –ø–∏—Ä–∞—Ö —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç–ª–∏–≤—ã—Ö” –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç–∞ –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–∏–π –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω –ê–º—Ñ–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–æ–Ω–æ–º – —Ö–ª–µ–±–æ—Å–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º, –≥–æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø—Ä–∏–∏–º–Ω—ã–º —Ö–æ–∑—è–∏–Ω–æ–º.

–ê –≤ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∫ –Ω–µ–º—É: “–ù–æ –≥–¥–µ –∂–µ –æ–Ω, —Ç–≤–æ–π –º–∏–ª—ã–π –±—Ä–∞—Ç, –ù–µ–¥–∞–≤–Ω–∏–π —Ä–µ–∫—Ä—É—Ç –ì–∏–º–µ–Ω–µ—è? –í—ã –æ–±–∞ –≤ –ø—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–∏ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∞ –í –Ω–æ—á–Ω—ã—Ö –±–µ—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ö –ø–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ò —Å–ª–∞–¥–∫–æ–π –ª–µ—Å—Ç—å—é –±–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ü–µ–≤—Ü–∞ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥—ã –∏ –≤–∏–Ω–∞” ‚Äî —Ä–µ—á—å –∏–¥–µ—Ç –æ–± –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–µ –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–æ–º, —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–µ –û—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã 1812 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –∫–∞–º–µ—Ä–≥–µ—Ä–µ, —Ç–æ–∂–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ—â–∞–≤—à–µ–º –∑–∞—Å–µ–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è “–ó–µ–ª–µ–Ω–æ–π –õ–∞–º–ø—ã”, –∏ –æ –µ–≥–æ –∂–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å–±–µ –≤ –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä–µ 1820 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, —Å–∞–º –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –æ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –ø–æ—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –µ–≥–æ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç–∞, –Ω–æ –∏ –µ–≥–æ –±—Ä–∞—Ç –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–∏–π, –æ—Ç–µ—Ü –í. –ê. –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –º—É–∂–∞ –õ. A. –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π. –ò–º—è –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç—ã –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ —ç–ø–∏—Å—Ç–æ–ª—è—Ä–Ω–æ–º –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥–∏–∏ –ê. –°. –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω–∞. –í –ø–∏—Å—å–º–µ –∫ –ê. –ê. –ë–µ—Å—Ç—É–∂–µ–≤—É –æ—Ç 29. 06. 1824 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ—ç—Ç –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –µ–≥–æ –ª—É—á—à–∏–º –∏–∑ –¥—Ä—É–∑–µ–π –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –∞ –≤ –ø–∏—Å—å–º–µ –∫ –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–æ–º—É —Å–ø—Ä–∞—à–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç, –ø–æ–º–Ω–∏—Ç –ª–∏ —Ç–æ—Ç “–Ω–µ–∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ç–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–∞ –≤ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ”. –ù–æ –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ —É–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–µ—Ç –µ–≥–æ –∏–º—è –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω –≤ –ø–∏—Å—å–º–∞—Ö –∫ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º—É –±—Ä–∞—Ç—É –õ—å–≤—É –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–µ–≤–∏—á—É. –í –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö –ø–æ—ç—Ç –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç –æ –∂–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å–±–µ –ù. –í. –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≤–µ—Å–Ω–æ–π 1825 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –∫–Ω—è–∂–Ω–µ –í. –ü. –•–æ–≤–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π, —Ç—Ä–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ –°–æ—Ñ—å–∏ –Æ—Ä—å–µ–≤–Ω—ã –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–æ–π, –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏ –Æ—Ä–∏—è –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞. –†–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –∂–µ–Ω—ã –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç—ã –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –•–æ–≤–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è (1803-1837), —Ç—Ä–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –°. –Æ. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–æ–π – –∂–µ–Ω–∞ –ü–∞–≤–ª–∞ –ë–æ—Ä–∏—Å–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ú–∞–Ω—Å—É—Ä–æ–≤–∞ (1795-1880). –ò—Ö —Å—ã–Ω –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–π –ü–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤–∏—á –ú–∞–Ω—Å—É—Ä–æ–≤ –≤ 1864-1865 –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –±—ã–ª –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º.

–í–Ω—É—á–∞—Ç–∞—è –ø–ª–µ–º—è–Ω–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ –Æ. –§. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –õ–∏–¥–∏—è –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ (1893-1976) –±—ã–ª–∞ –∂–µ–Ω–æ–π –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ—è –ü–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ú–∞–Ω—Å—É—Ä–æ–≤–∞ (1890-1929), –≤–Ω—É–∫–∞ –ù. –ü. –ú–∞–Ω—Å—É—Ä–æ–≤–∞. –ü–ª–µ–º—è–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –ù. –í. –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ò–≤–∞–Ω –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–∏–π (1835-1909) – –¥–∏—Ä–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–æ–≤ –≤ 1898-99 –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö – –±—ã–ª —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º –ö–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏–∏ –ø–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É —á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —Å—Ç–æ–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è —Å–æ –¥–Ω—è —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –ê. –°. –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω–∞. –í —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–µ –ø–æ–¥–∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏–∏ –ø–æ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã —é–±–∏–ª–µ–π–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç–æ—Ä–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤ –∏ –µ–µ —Ä–µ–∞–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –æ–Ω –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–µ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–π–Ω–æ –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏—Ç—å –ø–∞–º—è—Ç—å –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–∞ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –∏ –±–ª–∏–∑–∫–æ–≥–æ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –æ—Ç—Ü–∞ –∏ –¥—è–¥–∏ –≤ –≥–æ–¥—ã –∏—Ö –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –° 1899 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ò. –ê. –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–∏–π – –¥–∏—Ä–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≠—Ä–º–∏—Ç–∞–∂–∞. –ò–∑ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º–∫–æ–≤ –ó—É–±–æ–≤—ã—Ö –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞—Ç—å –í–∞–ª–µ–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ –ü–ª–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∞ (1884-1969), –≤–Ω—É—á–∞—Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø–ª–µ–º—è–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–∞–Ω–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ó—É–±–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –µ–≥–æ —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä—ã –û–ª—å–≥–∏ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω—ã –¢–∞–ª—ã–∑–∏–Ω–æ–π, –≤–Ω—É–∫–æ–≤ –ê. –í. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞. –î–æ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä —Ñ–∏–ª–æ—Å–æ—Ñ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –Ω–∞—É–∫ –í. –ü. –ó—É–±–æ–≤ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã –±—ã–ª –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–æ—Ä–æ–º –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤ –≤ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–≥—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–º —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–µ.

–í –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–µ 19 –≤–µ–∫–∞ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–∏–π –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–π –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–µ–≤–∏—á (1772-1857), —Ä–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –í—Å–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂—Å–∫–∏—Ö. –ï–≥–æ —Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–æ—Ñ—å—è –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –∑–∞–º—É–∂–µ–º –∑–∞ –¥–≤–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º –±—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–º –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –∫–Ω—è–∑–µ–º –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–º –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–µ–≤–∏—á–µ–º –ú–µ—â–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º. –ò—Ö –¥–æ—á—å –ú–∞—Ä–∏—è –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –ú–µ—â–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è, —Ç—Ä–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –Æ—Ä–∏—è –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞, –±—ã–ª–∞ –∂–µ–Ω–æ–π –ò–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ì–æ–Ω—á–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞, —Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±—Ä–∞—Ç–∞ –ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª–∏–∏ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–Ω—ã –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω–æ–π. –ß–µ—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–æ –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π —ç—Ç–æ–π —Å—É–ø—Ä—É–∂–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–∞—Ä—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –¥–≤–æ—é—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º–∏ –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å—è–º–∏ –∏ —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–º–∏ –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π –ê. –°. –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω–∞.

–ü–æ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª–∞–º –†. –ü. –ü–æ–¥–¥—É–±–Ω–æ–π

–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:

1. –ò—Ç–æ–≥–∏ —Ä–µ—Ñ–æ—Ä–º—ã 1861 –≥–æ–¥–∞
2. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –†—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π –ü—Ä–∞–≤–¥—ã
3. –°—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Ç –æ–≥–Ω—è –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –≤ XIX ‚Äì XX –≤–µ–∫–µ