–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–æ–π –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–æ–π –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, —É –•–ª–µ–±–Ω–æ–π –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏. –°—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–µ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã – –°—Ç–∞—Ä–æ—Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è. –ü–µ—Ä–µ–∏–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ 17 –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1934 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å –ù–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥—ã –ö–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–æ–π (–≥–æ–¥—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏: 1869-1939).
–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ù. –ö. –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–æ–π:
–ù–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥–∞ –ö–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∞ —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ, –≤ –æ–±–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤—à–µ–π –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–µ–º—å–µ. –¢—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤—É—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —Å 14 –ª–µ—Ç: —É–º–µ—Ä –æ—Ç–µ—Ü (–æ–Ω –±—ã–ª –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–µ—Ä–æ–º) –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–æ—Å—å –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç—å—Å—è —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ç–∏—Ç–æ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º. –ß—É—Ç—å –ø–æ–∑–∂–µ, –ù–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ –ë–µ—Å—Ç—É–∂–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–µ –í—ã—Å—à–∏–µ –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫—É—Ä—Å—ã. –û–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –∏–∑ —Å—Ç—É–¥–µ–Ω—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫—Ä—É–∂–∫–æ–≤, –∏–∑—É—á–∞—è “–ö–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª” –ú–∞—Ä–∫—Å–∞. –í —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª–µ 1894 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –Ω–∞ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –∏–∑ —Å–æ–≤–µ—â–∞–Ω–∏–π –ø–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –º–∞—Ä–∫—Å–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤ –ù–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥–∞ –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–∞—è, –∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º–∏—Ç—Å—è —Å –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã–º –∏ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–º–æ—â–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º…
–°—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –æ—Ç–º–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–∞—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–µ–≤–∑–æ–π–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–æ–º –ø–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é “—Ç–∞–π–Ω—ã—Ö” –ø–∏—Å–µ–º. –û–Ω–∞ —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∞ –≤ –ø–∞–º—è—Ç–∏ —à–∏—Ñ—Ä—ã, –∫–ª–∏—á–∫–∏, –∞–¥—Ä–µ—Å–∞, –ø—É—Ç–∏ –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–µ–ª–µ–≥–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã. –î–æ 300 –ø–æ—Å–ª–∞–Ω–∏–π –≤ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü, –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∞ –æ–Ω–∞ –ø–æ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–º –∞–¥—Ä–µ—Å–∞–º! 30 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á –Ω–µ–ª–µ–≥–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–∏—Å–µ–º, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∞ –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–∞—è, –∑–∞ –≥–æ–¥—ã —ç–º–∏–≥—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏. –ê –ø–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∫–∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∏—Ö –ø–∏—Å–µ–º –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–µ–º–∫–∞. –ù–∞–¥–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –∫–æ–Ω—Å–ø–∏—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–π —Ç–µ–∫—Å—Ç, –ø–æ–¥—á–µ—Ä–∫–Ω—É—Ç—å –≤ –Ω–µ–º –ø–æ–¥–ª–µ–∂–∞—â–∏–µ —à–∏—Ñ—Ä–æ–≤–∫–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ –∏ —Ñ—Ä–∞–∑—ã, –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –≤—ã–ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –∏—Ö –Ω–∞ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –ª–∏—Å—Ç–æ–∫ –∏ –∑–∞—à–∏—Ñ—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –∫–∞–∫–æ–µ-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å –±–µ–∑–æ–±–∏–¥–Ω–æ–µ –ø–∏—Å—å–º–æ, –º–µ–∂–¥—É —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –≤–ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å “—Ö–∏–º–∏–µ–π” (–º–æ–ª–æ–∫–æ–º, –ª–∏–º–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–º —Å–æ–∫–æ–º, —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞–º–∏) –∫–æ–Ω—Å–ø–∏—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–π —Ç–µ–∫—Å—Ç –∏, –Ω–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü, —É–Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ–∂–∏—Ç—å –ª–∏—Å—Ç–æ–∫, –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å —à–∏—Ñ—Ä–æ–≤–∫–∞. –ö–æ–Ω—Å–ø–∏—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–π —Ç–µ–∫—Å—Ç –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∏ –∏ –º–µ–∂–¥—É —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫ –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç, –∫–Ω–∏–≥, –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–æ–≤.
–ù–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥–∞ –ö–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∞—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫ –∂–µ –∏ –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é. –°–≤–æ–µ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ—Ö –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤ (–∞–Ω–≥–ª–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –Ω–µ–º–µ—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ, —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –ø–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ), –æ–Ω–∞ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –¥–ª—è –∏–∑—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤ –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –º—ã—Å–ª–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π. –ï—â–µ –¥–æ —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏, –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∞ –æ —Ç–∞–∫–∏—Ö –∞–∫—Ç—É–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º–∞—Ö, –∫–∞–∫ —à–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ —Å–∞–º–æ—É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–∞—è —à–∫–æ–ª–∞, –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è —à–∫–æ–ª—ã –∏ —Å–µ–º—å–∏. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—å—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏, –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–∞—è –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –≤–Ω–µ—à—Ç–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–º –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–æ–º –ù–∞—Ä–∫–æ–º–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∞. –ù–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥–∞ –ö–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–º –æ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º, —á–µ—Ç–∫–æ –∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ –∏–∑–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∞ —Å–≤–æ–∏ –º—ã—Å–ª–∏. –í 1919 –≥–æ–¥—É, – —Å 27 –∏—é–Ω—è –ø–æ 13 –∞–≤–≥—É—Å—Ç–∞, –ù. –ö. –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–∞—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –≤ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–µ –∞–≥–∏—Ç–ø–æ–µ–∑–¥–∫–∏ –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –∏ –ö–∞–º–µ, – –Ω–∞ –∞–≥–∏—Ç–ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–µ “–ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–∞—è –∑–≤–µ–∑–¥–∞”.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –®–æ—Å—Å–µ –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–µ
2. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ï—Ä–æ—à–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ
3. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞
4. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö–∞—Ä–±—ã—à–µ–≤–∞
5. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö–∞–ª–∏–Ω–∏–Ω–∞