Краевед Самара

–ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –ø–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ

–û–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–æ 10 –ê–≤–≥—É—Å—Ç 2014 –æ—Ç –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å

–ü–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏—Ç –æ–¥–Ω–∏–º –∏–∑ –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —É–º—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∏ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç —É—Ä–æ–≤–µ–Ω—å –µ–≥–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ —Å —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏–µ–º –ª—é–±–æ–∑–Ω–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º —É–¥–æ–≤–ª–µ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —Å–ª—É–∂–∞—Ç –∫–Ω–∏–≥–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—â–∞, –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω—ã–µ –≤—Å–µ–º –∏–ª–∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–º. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –≤ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –≤—ã—Å—à–µ–π —Ü–∏–≤–∏–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –≤ –ê–Ω–≥–ª–∏–∏, –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—è—Ç –∫ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–µ 18 —Å—Ç–æ–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è –∏ –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–º —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–µ —ç—Ç–æ–π —Ü–∏–≤–∏–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –≤ –õ–æ–Ω–¥–æ–Ω–µ, –≤ 1725 –≥–æ–¥—É –µ—â–µ –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏, —Ç–æ –º—É–¥—Ä–µ–Ω–æ –ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –≤ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–æ–º –∑–∞–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–º –∑–∞—Ö–æ–ª—É—Å—Ç—å–µ, –≤ –Ω–µ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–Ω–æ–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –≤ 1850 –≥–æ–¥—É.

–ß—É—Ç—å –ø–æ–∑–∂–µ 1850 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, –ø–æ—è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏:

–û–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–∞—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞;
–ì–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è;
–°–µ–º–∏–Ω–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è;
–ë–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—è;
–°–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—è;
–ö—É–ø–µ—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—è;
–ö–Ω–∏–≥–æ–ø—Ä–æ–¥–∞–≤—Ü–∞ –ì—Ä–∞—É;
–ö–Ω–∏–≥–æ–ø—Ä–æ–¥–∞–≤—Ü–∞ –°–ø–µ—Ä–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ (–¥–≤–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–µ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –∏ –∫–Ω–∏–∂–Ω—ã–µ –ª–∞–≤–∫–∏).

–ë—ã–ª–∏ –∏ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –∏–ª–∏ —á–∏—Å—Ç–æ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏, –∫–∞–∫, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä: –ø—Ä–∏ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–µ; –ø—Ä–∏ –º–∏—Å—Å–∏–æ–Ω–µ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–π –∏–∑ –∫–Ω–∏–≥, –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—è—â–∏—Ö—Å—è —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –¥–æ —Ä–∞—Å–∫–æ–ª–∞; –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞ –ø—Ä–∏ –¥—É—Ö–æ–≤–Ω–æ–º —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–µ, –ø—Ä–∏ —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–µ–º–∏–Ω–∞—Ä–∏–π, –ø—Ä–∏ –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏, –ø—Ä–∏ –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–π —à–∫–æ–ª–µ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏—Ö —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü, –ø—Ä–∏ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –≤–æ–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö. –ù–æ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —É–ø–æ–º—è–Ω—É—Ç—ã—Ö –≤–æ—Å—å–º–∏ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫, –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö —à–µ—Å—Ç—å –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å –≤–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–º–∏, —Å–ª—É–∂–∏—Ç –∂–∏–≤—ã–º –¥–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∫ —É–º—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏—é.

–û–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–∞—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞

–í–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ —Ä–µ—á—å –æ –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–µ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –∑–∞—à–ª–∞ –≤ 1854 –≥–æ–¥—É, –ø–æ —Å–ª—É—á–∞—é –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–∏—Ö –∫–Ω–∏–≥ –∏–∑ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –ò. –ò. –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–µ–≤–∞ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫ –Ω–∏–º –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º —à—Ç–∞–±—Å-—Ä–æ—Ç–º–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–º –ù–µ—Ñ–µ–¥—å–µ–≤—ã–º –¥–æ 200 —Ç–æ–º–æ–≤ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π. –≠—Ç–∏ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω—ã –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –¥–æ–º–µ. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º, –≤—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏—è –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π (–î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π) —Å—Ç–∞–ª –¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å –∑–∞ –¥–µ–Ω—å–≥–∏ –≤—ã–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–µ–º—ã–µ –∏–º –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏ –∏ –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª—ã, –Ω–æ –∫—Ä—É–≥ –µ–≥–æ —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –±—ã–ª –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –º–∞–ª, –∏ –æ–Ω –≤—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª —Å–≤–æ—é –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–º –≥–æ–¥–æ–º —Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–µ–µ –∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–±—è –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ö. –ö. –ì—Ä–æ—Ç–∞, –ø–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –∏ –±—ã–ª –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, —Å —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1859 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ø—Ä–∏ —Ä–µ–¥–∞–∫—Ü–∏–∏ “–ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π”, – “–ö–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç –¥–ª—è —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è”. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç –∫–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª—Å—è –∏–∑ –≤—ã–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–µ–º—ã—Ö –∏ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–µ–º—ã—Ö —Ä–µ–¥–∞–∫—Ü–∏–µ–π –≤ –æ–±–º–µ–Ω –Ω–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–π. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–ª–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏—é –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, –Ω–∞ —É—Å–∏–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤ –∫–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç–∞ –¥–ª—è —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–Ω –±—ã–ª —Å–±–æ—Ä –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π. –î–ª—è –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –∞—Ä–µ–Ω–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –∫–≤–∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–∞ –≤ –ª—É—á—à–µ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞, –Ω–∞ –î–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ, –≤ –¥–æ–º–µ –∫—É–ø—Ü–∞ –¢–∞—Ä–µ–µ–≤–∞. –ü–ª–∞—Ç–∞ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∞ –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤–∞—è 3 —Ä—É–±–ª—è, –∑–∞ –ø–æ–ª–≥–æ–¥–∞ 1 —Ä—É–±–ª—å 75 –∫–æ–ø–µ–µ–∫, –∑–∞ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü 30 –∫–æ–ø–µ–µ–∫, –∏ –∑–∞ –æ–¥–∏–Ω —Ä–∞–∑ – 5 –∫–æ–ø–µ–µ–∫. –ö–Ω–∏–≥ –Ω–∞ –¥–æ–º —Å–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–µ –æ—Ç–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–ª–æ—Å—å, –Ω–æ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –±—ã–ª –≤–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω –∏ –∞–±–æ–Ω–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç —Å –ø–ª–∞—Ç–æ—é –ø–æ 20 –∫–æ–ø–µ–µ–∫ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫–Ω–∏–∂–∫–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–∞. –ó–∞–ª—ã –∫–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç–∞ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –µ–∂–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω–æ —Å 9 –¥–æ 14 —á–∞—Å–æ–≤ –∏ —Å 4 —á–∞—Å–æ–≤ –¥–æ –≤–µ—á–µ—Ä–∞. –ö —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—é –¥–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤—Å–µ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–π–Ω–æ –æ–¥–µ—Ç—ã–µ. –í –∫–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç—Ä–∏ –µ–∂–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω—ã–µ –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—ã –∏ 29 –µ–∂–µ–Ω–µ–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –º–µ—Å—è—á–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç –∏ –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–æ–≤, –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö. –ë–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø–æ—Å–µ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –∫–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç–∞ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –º–µ–ª–∫–∏–µ —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –∏ —Å–µ–º–∏–Ω–∞—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—ã.

–í –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª—É–≥–æ–¥–∏–µ –≤ –∫–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç–µ –∞–±–æ–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –¥–ª—è —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è: –Ω–∞ –≥–æ–¥ 18 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª–≥–æ–¥–∞ 10, –Ω–∞ 1 –º–µ—Å—è—Ü – 109. –í 1859 –≥–æ–¥—É –∫–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç –∏–º–µ–ª –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥—É 348 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π 82 –∫–æ–ø–µ–π–∫–∏ –∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥—É – 610 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π 32 –∫–æ–ø–µ–π–∫–∏, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –Ω–∞ –≤—ã–ø–∏—Å–∫—É –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç –∏ –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–æ–≤ 170 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π 97 –∫–æ–ø–µ–µ–∫. –î–µ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏—Ç –±—ã–ª –ø–æ–∫—Ä—ã—Ç —á–∞—Å—Ç—å—é –∏–∑ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Ç–∏–ø–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏–∏, —á–∞—Å—Ç—å—é –∏–∑ –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π, —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –µ—â–µ –≤ 1858 –≥–æ–¥—É. –í—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ, –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –ö. –ö. –ì—Ä–æ—Ç –≤–æ—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –≤ –µ–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —Å—É–º–º—ã, –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤ –µ–µ –Ω–∞ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏. –¢–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∂–µ, –≤ –º–∞–µ 1859 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –∫—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ 1000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π 227 –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥ –≤ 619 —Ç–æ–º–∞—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –Ω–∞—É—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏ –ø–æ–ª–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–π —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π –æ—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤. –í –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω—É—é –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫—É —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è, –æ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö –ª–∏—Ü —Ö–æ–¥–∞—Ç–∞–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞. –¢–∞–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–Ω—ã —Ä–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π –¥—É—Ö–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π —Å–µ–º–∏–Ω–∞—Ä–∏–∏; –≥–æ—Å–ø–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ –Ø. –°–æ–ª–æ–≤—å–µ–≤—ã–º, –ü–æ–ª—É–¥–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º, –í–µ—Ä–Ω–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–º; –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –°–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ï–≥–æ –í–µ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∫–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–ª—è—Ä–∏–π; 2-–º –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –ê–∫–∞–¥–µ–º–∏–∏ –Ω–∞—É–∫; –¶–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –°—Ç–∞—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–æ–º; –Ω–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–æ–π (76 –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π, –≤ 223 —Ç–æ–º–∞—Ö). –≠—Ç–∏ –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –≤—ã—à–µ —É–ø–æ–º—è–Ω—É—Ç–æ–π –ø–æ–∫—É–ø–∫–æ–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥, –¥–∞–ª–∏ –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—å –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω—É—é –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫—É —Å 1 —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1860 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–æ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ 800 —Ç–æ–º–æ–≤ –∫–Ω–∏–≥, –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ª—É—á—à–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π, –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–º –æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Å–ª—è–º –∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–π, –∞ –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ: –ø–æ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—É —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–ª–æ–≤–µ—Å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ 200 —Ç–æ–º–æ–≤; –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π –±–æ–ª–µ–µ 55 —Ç–æ–º–æ–≤; —á–∏—Å–ª–æ –∫–Ω–∏–≥ –Ω–∞—É—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏—è, –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∞—è —Å—é–¥–∞ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—ã –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –≥–µ–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ —é—Ä–∏–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏—è, –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–∏—Ä–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –¥–æ 400 —Ç–æ–º–æ–≤. –û—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è—Ö.

–û–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ –≤—ã–¥–∞—á–µ –∫–Ω–∏–≥ –¥–ª—è —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –¥–æ–º. –ó–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –¥–æ–º—É –≤–∑–∏–º–∞–ª–∞—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ø–ª–∞—Ç–∞ 15 –∫–æ–ø–µ–µ–∫, —Å–æ –≤–∑–Ω–æ—Å–æ–º –≤ –∑–∞–ª–æ–≥ —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è. –í—ã–¥–∞—á–∞ –∫–Ω–∏–≥ –∏–∑ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –¥–≤–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–∞ –≤ –Ω–µ–¥–µ–ª—é. –û–¥–Ω–æ–º—É –ª–∏—Ü—É, –≤ –æ–¥–∏–Ω —Ä–∞–∑, –æ—Ç–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –¥–≤—É—Ö –∫–Ω–∏–≥; –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª—é –≤—ã–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –∫–Ω–∏–∂–∫–∞ –¥–ª—è –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏ –æ—Ç–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–µ–º—ã—Ö –µ–º—É –∏ –¥–ª—è –æ—Ç–º–µ—Ç–∫–∏ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ–º—ã—Ö –∏–º –∫–Ω–∏–≥. –ó–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ä–æ—á–∫—É –≤–∑—ã—Å–∫–∏–≤–∞–ª—Å—è —à—Ç—Ä–∞—Ñ, –≤ 5 –∫–æ–ø–µ–µ–∫ –∑–∞ –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ä–æ—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –¥–µ–Ω—å; –≤ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ —É—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç—ã –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏ —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –æ—Ç–≤–µ—á–∞–ª –∑–∞ –Ω–µ–µ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º –∑–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–º –∏–ª–∏ —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏ –≤–∑—ã—Å–∫–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å —Å –ø–æ—Ä—É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º –∂–µ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –≤ –Ω–µ–π –∞–±–æ–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –≥–æ–¥ 14 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª–≥–æ–¥–∞ – 7, –Ω–∞ —Ç—Ä–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–∞ – 4, –Ω–∞ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –º–µ—Å—è—Ü – 25 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫. –í —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –º–µ—Å—è—Ü –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞ –∏–º–µ–ª–∞ –¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥—É 65 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π 95 –∫–æ–ø–µ–µ–∫, –Ω–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Å—è—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ –¥–ª—è —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏; –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –±—ã–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã, –ø—Ä–∏—Ç–æ–º –Ω–∞ –∏—Ö –ø–æ–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ–≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ; –æ—á–µ–≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –±–µ–∑ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥–ª–∞. –ú–µ–∂–¥—É —Ç–µ–º –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–∞, –∫–∞–∫—É—é –º–æ–≥–ª–∞ –±—ã –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç—å –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–∞—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞, –±—ã–ª–∞ –≤—Å–µ–º –æ—á–µ–≤–∏–¥–Ω–∞. –û–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ —ç—Ç–æ –ø–æ–±—É–¥–∏–ª–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ, 12 –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª—è 1860 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—å: –≤–ø—Ä–µ–¥—å, –¥–æ –æ—Ç—ã—Å–∫–∞–Ω–∏—è –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –∏—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –≤–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç—å –µ–∂–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω–æ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫—É—é —Ä–æ—Å–ø–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ 1000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π, —á–µ–º –≤–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–∏–ª–æ –µ–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –±—É–¥—É—â–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è. –ù–æ –∏ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –≤—Å–µ –µ—â–µ –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã–º–∏ –¥–ª—è –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ–≥–æ –µ–µ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏—è, –∏ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É –±—ã–ª–æ —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Å –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ 1861-62 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ —Å –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π.

–ì–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–µ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–æ–π –±—ã–ª–æ –≤–æ–∑–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–π –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª –∏–∑ —Ä–µ–¥–∞–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ “–ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π”, –¥–≤—É—Ö —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤ –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞ –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏, –¥–≤—É—Ö —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤ –∏–∑ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–∑ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∞–±–æ–Ω–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏, –ø–æ –≤—ã–±–æ—Ä—É –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å—á–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∏ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞—Ä—è. –ü–æ—á–µ—Ç–Ω—ã–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ –±—ã–ª –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä. –ö–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–∂–∞–ª—Å—è –≤—Å–µ–º–∏ —Å—É–º–º–∞–º–∏ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏. –ü—Ä–µ–ø–æ–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏ –∏ —á–ª–µ–Ω—ã –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∞–º–∏ –∏–∑ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –±–µ—Å–ø–ª–∞—Ç–Ω–æ; —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –±–µ—Å–ø–ª–∞—Ç–Ω–æ –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏ –∏–∑ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –∏ —Ç–µ, –æ –Ω–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —á—å–∏—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤ –¥–∞–¥—É—Ç —É–¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–≤–∞ —á–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞. –ü–æ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–π –∏–∑ —Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫ –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª –≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Å—å –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥. –î–æ—Ö–æ–¥ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫ –¥–µ–ª–∏–ª—Å—è –º–µ–∂–¥—É –Ω–∏–º–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–ø–æ—Ä—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å—É–º–º, —É–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–º –∏–∑ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π. –ù–∞ –¥–æ–º –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏ –≤—ã–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç—Ä–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–∞ –≤ –Ω–µ–¥–µ–ª—é –ó–∞ –ø–ª–∞—Ç—É –æ—Ç 4 –¥–æ 7 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –ü–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å—á–∏–∫–æ–≤ –≤ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–µ –≤ –≥–æ–¥, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–∏–π –∑–∞ –µ–µ —Å–ª–∏—Ç–∏–µ–º —Å –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π, –±—ã–ª–æ 186 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ —Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫ –≤ –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä–µ 1861 –≥–æ–¥–∞, —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Å–æ–±–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞–±–∏–Ω–µ—Ç–∞ –¥–ª—è —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–æ—Å—å, –Ω–æ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤ –Ω–µ–º —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å, –∏ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —Å 1862 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ –¥–æ–ø—É—â–µ–Ω–æ –±–µ—Å–ø–ª–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–µ —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–µ. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ, —Å–ª–∏—Ç–∏–µ –¥–≤—É—Ö —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫, –∏–º–µ—é—â–∏—Ö –∫–∞–∂–¥–∞—è —Å–≤–æ—é –æ—Å–æ–±—É—é –∑–∞–¥–∞—á—É, –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥–ª–æ –æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –±–µ–∑ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏, –æ—á–µ–≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ, –∏–º–µ–ª–æ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –º–µ—Ä—ã.

–î–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –≤ 1866 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ —Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –∏ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥–∞, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –¥–æ –º–∞—è 1867 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–∞—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞–ª–∞ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏. –í–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ —Å–∞–º–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–¥–æ–º –µ–µ –≤ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –î—É–º–µ. –ü—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —É –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–æ—Å—å: –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ 1505 –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π, –≤ 2469 —Ç–æ–º–∞—Ö, –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–π 133 –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è; –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö – –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π 384 –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –≤ 757 —Ç–æ–º–∞—Ö –∏ 8 –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–π; –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ 1889 –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π –∏ 141 –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ. –í —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ 1865 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å—á–∏–∫–∞–º–∏ –≤–∑—è—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ –¥–æ–º: –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–π 7619 —Ç–æ–º–æ–≤, –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–æ–≤ 6340 –∏ –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç 4327, –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ 685 —Ä–∞–∑. –í 1874 –≥–æ–¥—É –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞ –∏–º–µ–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥–µ 1888 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π 43 –∫–æ–ø–µ–π–∫–∏, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –≤—ã—Ä—É—á–µ–Ω–æ –∑–∞ —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ 843 —Ä—É–±–ª—è 75 –∫–æ–ø–µ–µ–∫, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –Ω–∞ –≤—ã–ø–∏—Å–∫—É –∫–Ω–∏–≥ –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ—Ç—ã 371 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π 76 –∫–æ–ø–µ–µ–∫ –∏ –Ω–∞ –≤—ã–ø–∏—Å–∫—É –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–æ–≤ –∏ –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç –≤ 1875 –≥–æ–¥—É – 487 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –ë–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–æ–π —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–ª –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∏–∑ —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤, –≤—ã–±—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ—é –¥—É–º–æ—é, –ø–æ–¥ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤—ã. –ò–∑ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ü–∏—Ñ—Ä –≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏–∑ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –∫–Ω–∏–≥ –¥–ª—è —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –¥–æ–º—É –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—ã –∏ –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ –∂–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–æ–≤.

–ü–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–º –Ω–∞–µ–º–Ω–æ–º –¥–æ–º–µ: –∫—Ä–æ—à–µ—á–Ω–∞—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–Ω—è—è, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –≤–µ—à–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–µ–µ –ø–ª–∞—Ç—å–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π, —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª–æ –∏ –∫—É—Ä–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ–º–Ω–∞—Ç–æ–π –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–∏—Ö. –ù–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –æ—Ç —ç—Ç–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π, –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π, –Ω–∏–∑–µ–Ω—å–∫–∏–π –∑–∞–ª, –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –≤–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º, —Å–≤–µ—Ç–ª—ã–π, —Å–æ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∞–º–∏ –ø–æ—Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ. –ü–æ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∞–º —Ä–∞–∑–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω—ã –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—ã –∏ –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª—ã, –Ω–æ —ç—Ç–∏ –∂–µ —Å—Ç–æ–ª—ã —Å–ª—É–∂–∞—Ç –∏ —Ç–µ–º, –∫—Ç–æ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∫–∞–∫–∏–º-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º –¥–µ–ª–æ–º. –í–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º, –¥–ª—è —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏–π –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–µ—Ç —á–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∞—Ö, –Ω–æ –¥–∞–∂–µ –∑–∞–ø—Ä–µ—â–µ–Ω–æ –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –≤ —á–∏—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º –∑–∞–ª–µ, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –±—ã –∏–∑ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π —á–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü—ã. –ü–æ —Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∞–º —á–∏—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–ª–∞ –≤–∏—Å—è—Ç –¥–≤–µ –≥–µ–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç—ã. –û—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–æ –≤—ã—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–ª—è –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∏, –ø—Ä–∏–≤–∏–Ω—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∫ —Å—Ç–æ–π–∫–∞–º, –ª–µ–∫—Å–∏–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤, —Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ—á–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–Ω–∏–≥, —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ–π, –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–≤ –∫–Ω–∏–≥ –∏ –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–π, –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —É–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π; –∫–∞–ª–µ–Ω–¥–∞—Ä–µ–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, –∫–∞–∫ —ç—Ç–æ –±—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –Ω–æ–≤–µ–π—à–∏—Ö –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞—Ö, –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –Ω–µ—Ç –∏ –≤ –ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–µ. –ù–∞–ª–µ–≤–æ –∏–∑ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π – –∫–æ–º–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –¥–µ–∂—É—Ä–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞—Ä—à–∏, –≤—ã–¥–∞—é—â–µ–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏, –∏ –≥–¥–µ —Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç –∫–Ω–∏–∂–Ω—ã–µ —à–∫–∞—Ñ—ã, —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—â–∏–µ –∏ –¥–≤–µ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ —Å–º–µ–∂–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ–º–Ω–∞—Ç–∫–∏. –î–ª—è –≤—ã–¥–∞—á–∏ –∫–Ω–∏–≥ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–æ –≤ –¥–µ–Ω—å –ø–æ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —á–∞—Å–æ–≤. –£ –¥–µ–∂—É—Ä–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞—Ä—à–∏ –±—ã–ª –≤ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Å–ª—É–∂–Ω–∏–∫, –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—é—â–∏–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏ –∏–∑ —à–∫–∞—Ñ–æ–≤. –°–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω –∏ –Ω–∞–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞–Ω –µ—â–µ –≤ 1864 –≥–æ–¥—É, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ —Å–ª–∏—Ç–∞ —Å –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ—é.

–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:

1. –ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ü–∞–≤–ª–∞ –°–∞–≤–≤–∏—á–∞ –ö—Ä—ã–ª–æ–≤–∞
2. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä—è
3. –ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ö—É—Ä–ª–∏–Ω—ã—Ö
4. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –ø–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —à–∫–æ–ª—ã –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
5. –ò–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –∞–Ω–≥–ª–∏—á–∞–Ω–µ –±—ã–≤–∞–≤—à–∏–µ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ