–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —Å–µ–ª–∞ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ
–ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–µ –û—Ä–µ–Ω–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–æ–π –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏ – —ç—Ç–æ —Å–µ–ª–æ, —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –≤ 30 –∫–º –∫ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–æ-–≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∫—É –æ—Ç –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω–∞, —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–µ –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–µ–µ –≤ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –ù—ã–Ω–µ —ç—Ç–æ —Å–µ–ª–æ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Ç–µ–º, —á—Ç–æ –µ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª—è–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–≤–Ω—ã–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –≤–µ–∫–æ–≤–æ–π —Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–π –±–æ—Ä, —è–≤–ª—è—é—â–∏–π—Å—è —Ä–µ–¥–∫–∏–º –æ–∞–∑–∏—Å–æ–º –≤ –ª–µ—Å–æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–æ–º –ó–∞–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ –∏ –∏–º–µ—é—â–∏–π —Å–≤–æ—é —É–¥–∏–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é. –û–∫–æ–ª–æ –≤–µ–∫–∞ –Ω–∞–∑–∞–¥ 12-–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–µ —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω—Ü—ã —Å–æ—Å–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–∑–µ–Ω—ã –ø–æ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—é –ø–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–º–µ—â–∏–∫–∞ –∏–∑ –ë—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –±–æ—Ä–∞. –ò—Ö –≤–µ–∑–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ —Å–∞–Ω—è—Ö –ø–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º—É —Å–Ω–µ–≥—É. –û–±–æ–∑ —Ç—è–Ω—É–ª—Å—è –ø–æ –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–µ –∏–∑ –ë—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫–∞ –≤ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ. –ü–æ—Å–∞–¥–∫–∞ –±–æ—Ä–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–µ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –≥–æ–¥. –í–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª–µ—Ü –ø–ª–∞—Ç–∏–ª –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–∞–º –¥–µ–Ω—å–≥–∏ –∑–∞ —Ç—è–∂–µ–ª—É—é, –Ω–æ –º–∞–ª–æ–ø–æ–Ω—è—Ç–Ω—É—é –∏–º —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É, –∞ –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∑–∞ —ç—Ç–æ –ø–æ–º–µ—â–∏–∫–∞ “—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º –±–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–æ–º”. “–°—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º –±–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–æ–º” –±—ã–ª –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω – –≤–Ω—É—á–∞—Ç—ã–π –ø–ª–µ–º—è–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∫–∞ –ù. –ú. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω–∞, —Å—Ç–∞–≤—à–∏–π –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –∏ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–º –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–µ–º –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏—è –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ.
–ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —á–µ–º –¥–≤—É—Ö–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤—É—é –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é. –ï–≥–æ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç—Å—è, –≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ, –∫ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ 18 –≤–µ–∫–∞, “–∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Å–µ–ª–∞ —Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≤ 1806 –≥–æ–¥—É, —á—Ç–æ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω—è –∑–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –ª–µ—Ç 60 –∏–ª–∏ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ. –í –∫–∞–Ω—É–Ω –≤–æ—Å—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏—è –ï. –ò. –ü—É–≥–∞—á–µ–≤–∞ –≤ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ 10 –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ —Å –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º 27 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –º—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∞. –í 1771 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∞ —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å –ü–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –ë–æ–∂—å–µ–π –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ò–æ–∞–Ω–Ω–∞ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–∞ (–ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞, –ø–æ —Ñ–∞–º–∏–ª–∏–∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–æ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–µ). –í 1851 –≥–æ–¥—É —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å, –Ω–æ —É–∂–µ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–µ–º – –†–æ—Å—Ç–∏—Å–ª–∞–≤–æ–º –ï—Å–µ–ª–µ–≤—ã–º. –û –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–µ —É–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–µ—Ç –≤ “–°–µ–º–µ–π–Ω–æ–π —Ö—Ä–æ–Ω–∏–∫–µ” –°. –¢. –ê–∫—Å–∞–∫–æ–≤: “–° –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –≤ –≤–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–∞—Ö 20 –ø–æ —Ä–µ–∫–µ –ù–∞—Å—è–≥–∞–π –∏–ª–∏ –ú–æ—á–µ–≥–∞–π, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –¥–æ —Å–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Ä –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç –µ–µ —Ç—É–∑–µ–º—Ü—ã, —Ç–∞–∫ –∂–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–æ–º–µ—â–∏—á—å–µ —Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ, –≤ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∞—â–µ–µ –°. –ê. –ü–ª–µ—â–µ–µ–≤—É, –∞ —Ç–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∞—â–µ–µ –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω—ã–º”.
–ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω—ã —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º–∏ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–∞ –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ 19 –≤–µ–∫–∞. –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–µ–º —Å—Ç–∞–ª –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ú–∏—Ö–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–∏—á –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω (1770 – 1846), –º–ª–∞–¥—à–∏–π —Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –±—Ä–∞—Ç –ù. –ú. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω–∞. –ï–≥–æ –∂–µ–Ω–æ–π –±—ã–ª–∞ –ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª—å—è –ë–æ—Ä–∏—Å–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –ë–µ—Å—Ç—É–∂–µ–≤–∞. –í 1818 –≥–æ–¥—É –ê. –ù. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª –¥–æ–º –≤ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–µ. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ –ê. –ú. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ü–µ–π –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –µ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—à–∞—è –¥–æ—á—å –ú–∞—Ä–∏—è, –ø–æ –º—É–∂—É –ï—Å–µ–ª–µ–≤–∞. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –≤ –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –ø–ª–µ–º—è–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –ú. –ê. –ï—Å–µ–ª–µ–≤–æ–π – –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω. –í –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –∏–∑ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –∫–Ω–∏–≥ –æ–Ω –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–í 1887 –≥–æ–¥—É —è –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–µ–ª–µ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–µ, –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤—à–µ–º—Å—è –º–Ω–µ –ø–æ –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤—É”. –î–∞–ª–µ–µ –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞–µ—Ç: “—è —É–¥–∏–≤–∏–ª—Å—è, —É–≤–∏–¥–∞–≤ —Ç–∞–∫—É—é –±–æ–ª—å—à—É—é, —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—É—é, –æ–±–∏—Ç–∞–µ–º—É—é –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±—É, –∫–∞–∫ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ, —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–æ–π –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏”. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –±—ã –Ω–µ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –±—ã –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ –Ω–∏—á–µ–º –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω—ã–º —Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º. –ù–æ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–∏ —É –¥–µ–ª –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ –≤ –Ω–∞—Ç—É—Ä–µ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –ø—ã—Ç–ª–∏–≤–æ–≥–æ –∏ —É–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞, –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è, –Ω–∞—É—á–Ω–∞—è –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –ª–∏—à—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞—é—Ç –∏–∑—É—á–∞—Ç—å—Å—è.
–†–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω –≤ 1850 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ –°—ã–∑—Ä–∞–Ω–∏. –í –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –∏ –¥—Ä—É–∂–Ω–æ–π —Å–µ–º—å–µ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –∏ –í–µ—Ä—ã –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω—ã –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–Ω –±—ã–ª –∏–∑ —à–µ—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—ã—Ö –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—à–∏–º —Å—ã–Ω–æ–º. –û –µ–≥–æ –¥–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ –ª–∏—à—å —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–ª –µ–≥–æ “–≤ –¥–≤—É—Ö –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ª–µ—Å–∏—Å—Ç—ã—Ö –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—è—Ö –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –ù–∏–∂–µ–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π”. –í–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ, –æ–Ω, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π —Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏, –∂–∏–ª –≤ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö —Ä–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π. –í 1874 –≥–æ–¥—É –ê. –ù. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª –∫—É—Ä—Å –Ω–∞—É–∫ –≤ –ì–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–º –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–µ –∏ –±—ã–ª –≤—ã–ø—É—â–µ–Ω –∏–∑ –æ–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ –∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –≥–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–Ω–∂–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞ –∏ —Å –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–º –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —á–∏–Ω–∞ –∫–æ–ª–ª–µ–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä—è –ø—Ä–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–∞, –¥–æ 1881 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª –≤ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è –Ω–∞ –í–æ—Ç–∫–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–µ. –í 1881 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ–¥–∞–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–± –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∫–µ –ø–æ –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–∏–º –æ–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º –∏ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ —Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–º –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –≤ –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –í 1887 –≥–æ–¥—É, –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å —Å–µ–º—å–µ–π, –ê. –ù. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å–µ–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ. –í 1894 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –µ–¥–∏–Ω–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ –∏–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –£–µ–∑–¥–Ω—ã–º –ü—Ä–µ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ü–æ —Ç–∞–±–µ–ª—é –æ —Ä–∞–Ω–≥–∞—Ö —Å —á–∏–Ω–∞ –∫–æ–ª–ª–µ–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä—è –ø–æ–¥–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –¥–æ 5 —Å—Ç—É–ø–µ–Ω–∏, –∞ –≤ 1907 –≥–æ–¥—É —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ —á–∏–Ω–µ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞.
–í –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —É–µ–∑–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–±—ã–ª –¥–æ 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –∏–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Ç—Ä–∏ —Å—Ä–æ–∫–∞. 9 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1907 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ —ç–∫—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–º —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –∏–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º –ü—Ä–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞. –í 1897 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–µ–Ω —Å–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä—è–Ω–æ–π –º–µ–¥–∞–ª—å—é –≤ –ø–∞–º—è—Ç—å —Å–≤—è—â–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏—Ö –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –í–µ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ 14 –º–∞—è 1896 –≥–æ–¥–∞. 31 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1897 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª —Ç–µ–º–Ω—É—é –±—Ä–æ–Ω–∑–æ–≤—É—é –º–µ–¥–∞–ª—å, —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –∑–∞ —Ç—Ä—É–¥—ã –ø–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–∏—Å–∏ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ü—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–∏—Å–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏–∏. –í 1897 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–µ–Ω –æ—Ä–¥–µ–Ω–æ–º –ê–Ω–Ω—ã 2 —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏, 6 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1903 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω –æ—Ä–¥–µ–Ω–æ–º –°–≤—è—Ç–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ–∞–ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–Ω—è–∑—è –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–∞ 4 —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏. –ù–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Ç—Ä–∏–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–∏ –ª–µ—Ç (—Å 1887 –ø–æ 1917 –≥–æ–¥—ã) –ê. –ù. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±–µ –ª–µ—Å–æ—Ä–∞–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º, –∏–∑—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–ª–∏–º–∞—Ç–∞ –∏ —Ñ–∞—É–Ω—ã. –†–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ–º –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏—Ö –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏: “–ü—Ç–∏—Ü—ã –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ —Å–æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Å –Ω–∏–º —á–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π –ë—É–≥—É–ª—å–º–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –ë—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–æ–≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –∏ –ë–µ–ª–µ–±–µ–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –£—Ñ–∏–º—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏”, –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–∞, 1901 –≥–æ–¥; “–ö–ª–∏–º–∞—Ç –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏”, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞, 1912 –≥–æ–¥; “–õ–µ—Å–æ—Ä–∞–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ —Å–µ–ª–µ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–µ –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏”, –°-–ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥, 1913 –≥–æ–¥.
–ü—Ä–æ–≤–µ–¥—è —Å–≤–æ–µ –¥–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤ –ª–µ—Å–∏—Å—Ç—ã—Ö –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—è—Ö –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –ù–∏–∂–µ–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π, –ê. –ù. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω –±—ã–ª —É–¥–∏–≤–ª–µ–Ω, –Ω–µ —É–≤–∏–¥–µ–≤ –≤ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–µ –ª–µ—Å–∞, –∫ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º—É –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–∏–≤—ã–∫, –∂–∏–≤—è –≤ —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±–∞—Ö, “–æ–∫—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç–µ–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã–º–∏ –ø–∞—Ä–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ —Å–∞–¥–∞–º–∏”. –ï–º—É —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ –∑–∞—Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–æ—Å—å —É–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç—å –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–∫–∏ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—å–µ–≤ –≤ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–µ. –û–Ω —Å —ç–Ω—Ç—É–∑–∏–∞–∑–º–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª—Å—è –∑–∞ –∏–∑—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—å–µ–≤ –∏ –≤ —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª –∫ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–º—É –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥—É, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–µ –µ—Å—Ç—å —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è, –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã–µ –¥–ª—è –ª–µ—Å–æ—Ä–∞–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ö –ª–µ—Å–æ—Ä–∞–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–±—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–µ–∑–∞—â–∏—â–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±—ã –æ—Ç —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –±—É—Ä–∞–Ω–æ–≤, –Ω–∞–Ω–æ—Å–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö –∫ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏—è–º, –Ω–µ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–∞—è –∏ –±–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ–º–∞, –≥—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥–Ω—ã–µ —Å—É–≥—Ä–æ–±—ã. –í —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤ –ê. –ù. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ –±—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∑–µ–º–ª–µ –≤—ã—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏ –ª–µ—Å–æ–ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–∫–∏ —Å–æ—Å–Ω—ã, –±–µ—Ä–µ–∑—ã, –≤—è–∑–∞, –∫–ª–µ–Ω–∞, –∂–µ–ª—Ç–æ–π –∞–∫–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –∞ —Å–∞–º –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª –∫ –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥—É, —á—Ç–æ: “–£–≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∏–≤–∞—é—â–µ–µ—Å—è –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–æ–Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏ —É–Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–æ–ª—å—è –µ—â–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —É–≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç —Ç—è–≥–æ—Å—Ç—å –±–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è –æ—Ç –∑–∞—Å—É—Ö. –Ø –Ω–µ —Ä–∞—Å–∫–∞–∏–≤–∞—é—Å—å, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–∏–ª –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–∏ 50 –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω –ª–µ—Å—É. –ü–æ—Å–∞–¥–∫–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–µ—Å–ª–∏ –º–Ω–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à—É—é –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É, –∑–∞—â–∏—â–∞—é—Ç –æ—Ç —Å–Ω–µ–∂–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞–Ω–æ—Å–æ–≤ —Ö—É—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –∏ –¥–∞–ª–∏ –º–Ω–µ –µ—â–µ –æ–¥–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –∏–∑–º–µ—Ä—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –¥–µ–Ω–µ–∂–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤—ã–≥–æ–¥–∞–º–∏, —ç—Ç–æ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ —É–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ª—é–±—É–µ—à—å—Å—è –Ω–∞ –∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ—Ç—ã –ø—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–¥—ã —Å —Å–æ–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–Ω–æ —Ç–æ–±–æ–π”.
–ê. –ù. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ –∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∫–ª–∏–º–∞—Ç–∞ —Ç–æ–π –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –∂–∏–≤–µ—à—å, –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É, –∞ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–º—É —Ö–æ–∑—è–∏–Ω—É –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ. –ò–∑—É—á–∏–≤ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—É –ø–æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å—É, –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª –∫ –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥—É, —á—Ç–æ –¥–æ 1882 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∏–∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –æ –∫–ª–∏–º–∞—Ç–µ –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª–æ—Å—å. “–î–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ—á–µ–≥–æ, –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –≤ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–µ —Å–≤–æ—é –º–µ—Ç–µ–æ—Ä–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é —Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏—é, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤ 1882 –≥–æ–¥—É. –°–ø–µ—Ä–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã –ø—Å–∏—Ö—Ä–æ–º–µ—Ç—Ä –∏ –º–∏–Ω–∏–º—É–º-—Ç–µ—Ä–º–æ–º–µ—Ç—Ä, –≤ –∏—é–Ω–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–∞—è –§–∏–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –û–±—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è —Å–Ω–∞–±–¥–∏–ª–∞ –º–µ–Ω—è –≤—Å–µ–º–∏ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏, –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã–º–∏ –¥–ª—è —Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏–∏ 2 —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—è–¥–∞, 1 –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–º–µ–¥–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏–∏”, – –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –ê. –ù. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω. –ö 1912 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞, —Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ–º 17068 –≤–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–∞–º, –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ—Å—å 24 –º–µ—Ç–µ–æ—Ä–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏–∏, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å 1 —Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏—è –Ω–∞ 711 –≤–µ—Ä—Å—Ç, –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –∫–ª–∏–º–∞—Ç –≤ –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å—É—Ä–æ–≤–µ–µ, —á–µ–º –≤ —Å–æ—Å–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ. –¢–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∂–µ –≤ 80-–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã 19 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –ê. –ù. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª —Å–≤–æ–∏ –æ—Ä–Ω–∏—Ç–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è. –û–Ω –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ 250 –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤ –ø—Ç–∏—Ü, –æ–±–∏—Ç–∞—é—â–∏—Ö –≤ –±–ª–∏–∂–∞–π—à–∏—Ö –æ–∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è—Ö –µ–≥–æ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–π –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–µ–ª–µ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–µ –∏ –¢–∏—Ö–æ–º —Ö—É—Ç–æ—Ä–µ –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞. –ö–æ–ª–ª–µ–∫—Ü–∏—è —á—É—á–µ–ª –ø—Ç–∏—Ü, —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–∞—è –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω—ã–º, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∞ –∏–∑ 500 —à–∫—É—Ä–æ–∫. –ï–µ –æ–Ω –æ—Ç–æ—Å–ª–∞–ª –≤ 1917 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ –¥–∞—Ä –∑–æ–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º—É –º—É–∑–µ—é –°-–ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–∞.
–ó–µ–º–ª–∏ –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω—ã—Ö, —Å —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±–æ–π –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ –∏ —Ö—É—Ç–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏, –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ 3921 –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω. –í —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±–µ —Ä—è–¥–æ–º —Å —Å–µ–ª–æ–º –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å, –≥–æ—Å–ø–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–π –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–π –æ–¥–Ω–æ—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π –¥–æ–º, –æ–∫—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ø–∞—Ä–∫–æ–º —Å –∞–ª–ª–µ—è–º–∏, —Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–º –±–æ—Ä–æ–º, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã–µ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ –∏ —Å—É–∫–æ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —Ñ–∞–±—Ä–∏–∫–∞. –•–æ–∑—è–µ–≤–∞ –¥–æ–º–∞ –∂–∏–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ–π, –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å—é. –•–æ–∑—è–∏–Ω –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª—Å—è –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –¥–µ–ª–∞–º–∏, –ø–æ–º–µ—Å—Ç—å–µ–º, –Ω–∞—É–∫–æ–π. –•–æ–∑—è–π–∫–∞ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω–∞ – –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º —à–µ—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—ã—Ö –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π: –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞—è, –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ—è, –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω—ã, –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏—è, –°–æ—Ñ—å–∏, –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ —Ç—Ä–∞–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∏–±–µ–ª–∏ –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä–∏ –°–æ—Ñ—å–∏ –≤ 1905 –≥–æ–¥—É –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –∑–∞–Ω—è–ª–∞—Å—å —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π –ª–µ—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏–∫–æ–π –∏ –Ω–∞ —Å–≤–æ–∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–ª–∞ –±–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü—É –≤ —Å–æ—Å–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º —Å–µ–ª–µ –ö–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω–µ. –ù–æ –≤ —Ç–∏—Ö—É—é, —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é, –≤–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç–ª–∏–≤—É—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —É—á–µ–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–≥—Å—è 1917 –≥–æ–¥, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π —Ä–∞–∑–æ–º –≤—Å–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É–ª: –ø–µ—Ä–µ—á–µ—Ä–∫–Ω—É–ª –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–æ–µ, –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–æ–∏–ª –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–µ, —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—É—à–∏–ª –ø–ª–∞–Ω—ã –Ω–∞ –±—É–¥—É—â–µ–µ. –î–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–∞—è —Å—É–¥—å–±–∞ –ø–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –æ–±–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∞—Å—å —Ç—Ä–∞–≥–∏—á–Ω–æ–π. –°–∞–º –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω —Å —Å–µ–º—å–µ–π –±—ã–ª –≤—ã–Ω—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω —Å–ø–µ—à–Ω–æ –ø–æ–∫–∏–Ω—É—Ç—å —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±—É. –ß–∞—Å—Ç—å –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —É–¥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Å–ø–∞—Å—Ç–∏, –∏ –æ–Ω —Å –∂–µ–Ω–æ–π, —Å—ã–Ω–æ–º –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–µ–º –∏ –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä—å—é –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω–æ–π —É–µ–∑–∂–∞–µ—Ç –∏–∑ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –≤ –ö–∏—Ç–∞–π, –≤ –•–∞—Ä–±–∏–Ω.
–ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ 10 –ª–µ—Ç, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ –Ω–µ —Å—É–º–µ–≤ –æ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –æ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∂–∏—Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä—è—Å–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ —Å–µ–º–Ω–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–æ–º –≥–æ–¥—É, —É–º–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç. –í—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ —É–º–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç –∏ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω–∞. –í –•–∞—Ä–±–∏–Ω–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–π –∏ –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω–∞. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ—è –≤ 1946 –≥–æ–¥—É –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω–∞ —Ä–µ—à–∞–µ—Ç –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∏–π –°–æ—é–∑. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ —Ä–æ–¥–∏–Ω—É –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω–∞ –∂–∏–ª–∞ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ. –£–º–µ—Ä–ª–∞ –±–µ–∑–¥–µ—Ç–Ω–æ–π –≤ 1974 –≥–æ–¥—É. –°—Ç–∞—Ä—à–∏–π —Å—ã–Ω –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–π —É–º–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç –≤—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏ –æ—Ç –ø–Ω–µ–≤–º–æ–Ω–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –∫—É–ø–∞–Ω–∏—è –∑–∏–º–æ–π –≤ –ø–æ–ª—ã–Ω—å–µ, —Å–ø–∞—Å–∞—è —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞. –ï–≥–æ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º–∫–∏ –¥–æ —Å–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Ä –∂–∏–≤—É—Ç –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ. –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏–π –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω –∂–∏–ª –≤ –≠—Å—Ç–æ–Ω–∏–∏, –±—ã–ª –∂–µ–Ω–∞—Ç –Ω–∞ —ç—Å—Ç–æ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–æ—ç—Ç–µ—Å—Å–µ –ú–∞—Ä–∏–∏ –ì—Ä–∏–º–º. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø—Ä–∏—Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –≠—Å—Ç–æ–Ω–∏–∏ –∫ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–º—É –°–æ—é–∑—É –±—ã–ª —Ä–µ–ø—Ä–µ—Å—Å–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω –∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª—è–Ω –≤ 1941 –≥–æ–¥—É. –û–± –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–µ – –º–ª–∞–¥—à–µ–º —Å—ã–Ω–µ –ê. –ù. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–º–∑–∏–Ω–∞ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ –ª–∏—à—å —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤ 1913 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω –±—ã–ª –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω –∫–æ—Ä–Ω–µ—Ç–æ–º –≤ 5-–π –≥—É—Å–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –∞–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∏–π—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–æ–ª–∫. –ò–º–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ü–æ–ª–∏–±–∏–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Ä–∞–∑–≥—Ä–∞–±–ª–µ–Ω–æ –∏ —Å–æ–∂–∂–µ–Ω–æ, —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—É—à–µ–Ω—ã —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å –∏ —Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–π —Å–∫–ª–µ–ø, –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –∑–∞–ø—É—Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å–∞–¥—ã –∏ –ø–∞—Ä–∫–∏. –ü–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è –≤ –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–µ –º–µ—Ç–µ–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∞, –ø—Ä–∏–±–æ—Ä—ã –≤—ã–≤–µ–∑–µ–Ω—ã –≤ –û—Ä–µ–Ω–±—É—Ä–≥.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –ü–æ—Ö–≤–∏—Å—Ç–Ω–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞
2. –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –∫—Ä–∞–π –≤ 17 – 18 –≤–µ–∫–∞—Ö
3. –õ–µ–≥–µ–Ω–¥–∞ –æ –¢–æ–ª—ã–±–∞–µ