–ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤

–û–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–æ 23 –Ø–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—å 2013 –æ—Ç –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å

–ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏—è –∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤ (–∏–Ω–∫–∞ – –∏–Ω–¥–µ–π—Å–∫–æ–µ –ø–ª–µ–º—è, —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –∏–∑ –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–π—à–∏—Ö —Ü–∏–≤–∏–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–π –≤ –Æ–∂–Ω–æ–π –ê–º–µ—Ä–∏–∫–µ. –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏—è –∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–∏—Ä–∞–ª–∞—Å—å —Å —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞ —é–≥ –æ—Ç –ö–æ–ª—É–º–±–∏–∏ –¥–æ –¶–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ß–∏–ª–∏ –∏ –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∞–ª–∞ –≤ —Å–µ–±—è —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –Ω—ã–Ω–µ—à–Ω–∏—Ö –ü–µ—Ä—É, –ë–æ–ª–∏–≤–∏–∏, –≠–∫–≤–∞–¥–æ—Ä–∞, —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–∞ –ß–∏–ª–∏ –∏ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–æ-–∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–∞ –ê—Ä–≥–µ–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω—ã) – –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–µ–π—à–∞—è –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏—è –∏–Ω–¥–µ–π—Ü–µ–≤ –≤ –Æ–∂–Ω–æ–π –ê–º–µ—Ä–∏–∫–µ —Å–æ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π –≤ –ö—É—Å–∫–æ. –í–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –µ—ë —Ä–∞—Å—Ü–≤–µ—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –≤ 1 –º–ª–Ω. –∫–≤. –∫–º –ø—Ä–æ–∂–∏–≤–∞–ª–æ –æ—Ç 8 –¥–æ 15 -16 –º–ª–Ω. —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, –µ—ë –ø—Ä–æ—Ç—è–∂—ë–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Å —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞ —é–≥ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∞ 5 —Ç—ã—Å. –∫–º. –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏—è –∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤ –ø–æ–≥–∏–±–ª–∞ –≤ 1533 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ–¥ —É–¥–∞—Ä–∞–º–∏ –∏—Å–ø–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫–æ–Ω–∫–∏—Å—Ç–∞–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤ (–ö–æ–Ω–∫–∏—Å—Ç–∞–¥–æ—Ä (–∏—Å–ø. conquistador – –∑–∞–≤–æ–µ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å) – –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–∞ XV – XVI –≤–µ–∫–æ–≤, –∏—Å–ø–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –∑–∞–≤–æ–µ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–π –ù–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –°–≤–µ—Ç–∞. –ò—Å–ø–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–æ—Ä–æ–ª—å, –∑–∞–∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤ —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏, –Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–¥–∏–ª –∏—Ö –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Ç–∏—Ç—É–ª–∞–º–∏, —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–∏–ª–µ–≥–∏—è–º–∏ –≤ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø–æ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–π –∏ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–ª –∑–∞ –Ω–∏–º–∏ –æ–±—à–∏—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–º–µ—Å—Ç—å—è, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º–∫–∏ –∫–æ–Ω–∫–∏—Å—Ç–∞–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤, –æ–∫—Ä—É–∂—ë–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∞—Ä–µ–Ω–¥–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏, –≤–∞—Å—Å–∞–ª–∞–º–∏, –∑–∞–∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—â—ë–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏–Ω–¥–µ–π—Ü–∞–º–∏ –∏–ª–∏ —Ä–∞–±–∞–º–∏, –∂–∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –Ω–µ–∑–∞–≤–∏—Å–∏–º—ã–º–∏ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—è–º–∏), –∏—Å–∫–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–µ –≠–ª—å–¥–æ—Ä–∞–¥–æ (–≠–ª—å–¥–æ—Ä–∞–¥–æ (“–ø–æ–∑–æ–ª–æ—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫”) – –º–∏—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –±–∞—Å–Ω–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–∞—è —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∞ –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–∞ –∏ –¥—Ä–∞–≥–æ—Ü–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–∞–º–Ω–µ–π).

–í –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏ –∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª–æ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–æ –±–µ–∑—É—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ–µ –≥–ª–∞–≤–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤. –ó–∞–∫–æ–Ω—ã –ò–Ω–∫–æ–≤ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ –æ—Ç—Ä—ã–≤–∫–∞—Ö, –Ω–æ –∏—Ö —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ –∏–∑ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏—Å–ø–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∏—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ –∏–∑—É—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π —Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∏—Ü–∏–∏. –ó–∞–∫–æ–Ω—ã —Ä–µ–≥–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∏ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏ –≤ –∫–∏–ø—É, –∞ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º–∏ —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏ – –≥–ª–∞—à–∞—Ç–∞—è–º–∏ – –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–∑–≥–ª–∞—à–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –∏–∑ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–µ–π —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—ã –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏. –í –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–µ —é—Å—Ç–∏—Ü–∏–∏ –ª–µ–∂–∞–ª–∏ —Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã–µ –∏ —è—Å–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø—ã. –ö –∏—Ö —á–∏—Å–ª—É –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –æ—Ç–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–∏, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø, —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º—É —É–≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à—ë–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º —ç–ª–∏—Ç—ã, –∫–≤–∞–ª–∏—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –∫–∞–∫ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Å–µ—Ä—å—ë–∑–Ω—ã–π –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–æ–∫, —á–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ–≥–æ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞. –°—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –∏ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø: –µ—Å–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–µ –ø–æ –∏–Ω–∏—Ü–∏–∞—Ç–∏–≤–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–Ω–∞—Ä—É—à–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è, –∞ –ø–æ –Ω–∞—É—â–µ–Ω–∏—é –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–≥–æ –ª–∏—Ü–∞, –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—é –ø–æ–¥–ª–µ–∂–∞–ª –∏–Ω–∏—Ü–∏–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –Ω–∞—Ä—É—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–∞ – —Å—É–¥—å–∏ –∫–∞—Ä–∞–ª–∏ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —É–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –∞ –Ω–µ —Å–∞–º–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω–∏–∫–∞.

–ï—Å–ª–∏ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–∏–Ω, –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–≤—à–∏–π—Å—è –∫ —Å—É–¥—É –∑–∞ –≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –º–æ–≥ –¥–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ –∫—Ä–∞–∂—É –µ–≥–æ —Ç–æ–ª–∫–Ω—É–ª –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥, –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –Ω–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª—Å—è —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫, –¥–æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–≤—à–∏–π –≤ —Å–≤–æ—ë–º –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥–µ –Ω—É–∂–¥—É. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∞–ª –º–∞–ª–æ–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–π, –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ –æ—Ç—Ü–∞. –ù–∞ —É—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–µ –∞–π–ª—å—é (–ê–π–ª—å—é (–æ—Ç –∫–µ—á—É–∞ Ayllu) – –æ–±—â–∏–Ω–∞. –û—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∞—è —Å–æ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –µ–¥–∏–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ –≤ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤. –ù–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∞–π–ª—å—é –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—É—é –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –∏–º–µ–ª–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—é—â–µ–≥–æ. –û–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–∏—Ö –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏—Ö –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø –∏–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–µ–π) –∑–∞ –º–µ–ª–∫–∏–µ –ø—Ä–µ–≥—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≤—ã–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –∫—É—Ä–∞–∫–∞, –Ω–æ –µ–º—É –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Å–µ—Ä—å—ë–∑–Ω—ã–µ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–∏ –¥–ª—è —Å—É–¥–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—ã –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–π.

–í –∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ–º –∏—Ç–æ–≥–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–∏ –∏–º–µ–ª –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç—å –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –∫ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏. –û–±–≤–∏–Ω—è–µ–º—ã–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–æ—Å—å –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–ª–∞—à–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —Å—É–¥ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π, –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–±—è —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –∑–∞—â–∏—Ç—É. –ë–æ–ª–µ–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å –º–æ–≥ –æ–ø—Ä–æ—Ç–µ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å—É–¥–∞ –∏–ª–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–æ–±–ª–∞—á–∏—Ç—å –∑–ª–æ—É–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç—å—é. –í –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏—è –¥–ª—è –∏—Å—Ç—Ü–∞ –æ—Å–æ–±–æ–≥–æ —Å–ª—É—à–∞–Ω–∏—è —Å —Ü–µ–ª—å—é –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –¥–µ–ª–∞, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –≤—ã–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—è —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫—É, –≤–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–º—É –≤ –∫–æ—Ä—Ä—É–ø—Ü–∏–∏ (–æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ —ç—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–∞ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω–∞—è –∫–∞–∑–Ω—å). –°—É–¥—å–∏ –≤—ã–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–∏, –∫–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ, —Å—É—Ä–æ–≤—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä—ã (—Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω–∞—è –∫–∞–∑–Ω—å, –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ “–∫–∞–º–µ—Ä—ã —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏”, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∫–∏—à–µ–ª–∏ —è–¥–æ–≤–∏—Ç—ã–º–∏ –∑–º–µ—è–º–∏ –∏ —Ö–∏—â–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏, –ø—ã—Ç–∫–∏, –±–∏—á–µ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ, –∏–∑–≥–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –ø—Ä.). –í–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –∑–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–æ–∫ –∏–∑–±–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∫–Ω—É—Ç–æ–º, –∞ –≥—Ä–∞–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏-—Ä–µ—Ü–∏–¥–∏–≤–∏—Å—Ç—ã –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–ª–∏ –∫—É–¥–∞ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–æ–µ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏–µ.

–ò—Ö –ª–∏–±–æ –≤—ã—Å—ã–ª–∞–ª–∏ —Å –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –∫—É—Å—Ç–æ–≤ –∫–æ–∫–∏ –≤ –æ—Ç–¥–∞–ª—ë–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∂–∞—Ä–∫–∏–µ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω—ã –ê–Ω–¥, –ª–∏–±–æ –∂–µ –≤–µ—à–∞–ª–∏ –∑–∞ –æ–¥–Ω—É –Ω–æ–≥—É. –£–±–∏–π—Ü –∑–∞–±–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∫–∞–º–Ω—è–º–∏, –≤–µ—à–∞–ª–∏, —Å–±—Ä–∞—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å–æ —Å–∫–∞–ª—ã. –õ—é–±–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–Ω–∞—Ä—É—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –¥–∞–∂–µ —Å–æ–≤—Å–µ–º –Ω–µ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ (–∑–∞ –Ω–µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ø—É–±–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ—Ä–∏—Ü–∞–Ω–∏–µ), –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è–º–∏ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞, —è–≤–ª—è–≤—à–∏–º–∏—Å—è –µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è–º–∏, —Ä–∞—Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∏–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –∫–∞–∫ –ø–æ—Å—è–≥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–∞ —Å–≤—è—â–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ, –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–∏–∫–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —É—Å—Ç–æ–∏ –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏, –∫–∞–∫ —É–≥—Ä–æ–∑–∞ –µ—ë –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–µ–º—É —Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—é. –•–æ—Ç—è –∏–Ω–∫–∏ —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —Ç—Ä—É–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ–≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ –≤—Å–µ, –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤–∏–¥–æ–∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∏ —Å–≤–æ—ë —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ, –ø—Ä–∏–∑—ã–≤–∞—è –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –≤–æ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ –∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∏–µ –µ–≥–æ –∑–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤—å—è. –ë–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –∏ –Ω–µ–º–æ—â–Ω—ã–º –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –∑–∞—Ä–∞–±–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å–µ–±–µ –Ω–∞ –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å. –í—Å—ë –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ–µ – –µ–¥—É –∏ –æ–¥–µ–∂–¥—É – –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–ª–∏ —Å –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥–æ–≤, –∏ –∏–º –ø–æ—Ä—É—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –∑–∞–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –æ–Ω–∏ –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—Ç—å –≤ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ —Å–æ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º —Ñ–∏–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∏–µ–º.

–í —Ç–æ –∂–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Ä–µ–∂–∏–º –∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤ –Ω–µ –¥–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –Ω–µ–º–æ—â–Ω—ã–µ, —É–≤–µ—á–Ω—ã–µ –∏ –∫–∞–ª–µ–∫–∏ –æ—Ç–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–ª–∏ –∑–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∏ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—ã –æ—Ç –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–æ—Å—è—â–µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–ª—å —Ç—Ä—É–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–ª—è –Ω–∏—Ö –æ—Å–æ–±–æ–≥–æ —É—Ö–æ–¥–∞. –ü–æ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—É —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, –ª–∏—à—ë–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–æ—Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏–∑-–∑–∞ —Ñ–∏–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏–∑—ä—è–Ω–∞, –º–æ–≥ –∂–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –∏–ª–∏ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –∑–∞–º—É–∂ –∑–∞ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ –∏–Ω–≤–∞–ª–∏–¥–∞: —Å–ª–µ–ø–æ–π –≤—ã–±–∏—Ä–∞–ª –≤ –∂—ë–Ω—ã —Å–ª–µ–ø—É—é, –≥–ª—É—Ö–æ–π – –≥–ª—É—Ö—É—é, –≥–æ—Ä–±–∞—Ç—ã–π – –≥–æ—Ä–±–∞—Ç—É—é, –∞ –∫–∞—Ä–ª–∏–∫ – –∫–∞—Ä–ª–∏—Ü—É. –°—Ç–∞—Ä–∏–∫–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —É –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–º –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º. –°—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–æ—Å—å, —á—Ç–æ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥–∞–µ—Ç —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–∏–±–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø—è—Ç–∏–¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏ –ª–µ—Ç. –¢–∞–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ —É–∂–µ –Ω–µ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ—Ü–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏, –∏ –∏—Ö –æ—Å–≤–æ–±–æ–∂–¥–∞–ª–∏ –∫–∞–∫ –æ—Ç —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–æ–π –ø–æ–≤–∏–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ –æ—Ç –Ω–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–æ–±–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –¥–æ —Ç–µ—Ö –ø–æ—Ä, –ø–æ–∫–∞ –æ–Ω–∏ —Å–æ–≤—Å–µ–º –Ω–µ –ª–∏—à–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ñ–∏–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–∏–ª, —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∏–∫–∞–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—Ç—å –∑–∞–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–µ —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–∏–µ –æ—Å–æ–±—ã—Ö —É—Å–∏–ª–∏–π: –æ–Ω–∏ —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–ª–∏ —Ö–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Ç –≤ –ª–µ—Å–∞—Ö, –ø—Ä–∏—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∑–∞ –¥–µ—Ç—å–º–∏, –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∏–ª–∏ –ø–∏—â—É, –≥–Ω–∞–ª–∏ —á–∏—á—É, –ø–ª–µ–ª–∏ –∫–∞–Ω–∞—Ç—ã, –æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å–∏–ª—å–Ω—É—é –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å –ø—Ä–∏ —É–±–æ—Ä–∫–µ —É—Ä–æ–∂–∞—è.

–í –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤ –Ω–∏–∫—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤ –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ß—Ç–æ–±—ã –∏–∑–±–µ–∂–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π, –∫–∞–∫ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –∏–Ω–∫–∏, –∏—Ö –ø–æ–¥–¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º —Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ —Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—Ç—å —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∏–º–∏ —Ç—Ä–∏ “–∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç—ã—Ö” –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞ – “–∞–º–∞ —Å—É–∞, –∞–º–∞ –ª—É–ª—å—è, –∞–º–∞ –∫—É—ç–ª—å—è”, —á—Ç–æ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç: “–Ω–µ —É–∫—Ä–∞–¥–∏, –Ω–µ –ª–≥–∏, –Ω–µ –ª–µ–Ω–∏—Å—å”. –ö–∞–∂–¥—ã–π —Å–æ–±–ª—é–¥–∞–≤—à–∏–π —ç—Ç–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ª–∞—Ç—ã –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω –º–æ–≥ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∫—É —Å–æ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –æ—Ç —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –¥–æ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏. –ò—Å–ø–∞–Ω—Ü—ã –Ω–µ–æ–¥–Ω–æ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ –ø–æ–¥—á–µ—Ä–∫–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ —á–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –¥–∏—Å—Ü–∏–ø–ª–∏–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞, —Å –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –∏–º –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–æ–∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º–∏—Ç—å—Å—è. –¢–∞–∫–∞—è –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–µ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ—Ä–∞–∑–∏–ª–∞ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–∑ –∫–æ–Ω–∫–∏—Å—Ç–∞–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω –¥–∞–∂–µ –∑–∞—è–≤–∏–ª –≤ —Å–≤–æ—ë–º –ø–æ—Å–ª–∞–Ω–∏–∏, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –≤ –ö—É—Å–∫–æ –≤ 1589 –≥–æ–¥—É: “–î–∞ –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ –ï–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ç–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º—É –í–µ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É, —á—Ç–æ –∏–Ω–∫–∏ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—é—Ç —Ç–∞–∫–∏–º —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–æ–º, –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º—É —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –∏–Ω–¥–µ–π—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–µ –Ω–∞–π—Ç–∏ –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥—Ä–∞–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è, –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω—ë–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Ä–æ–∫–∞–º–∏ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞, –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–µ–Ω—Ç—è—è, –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ—Ä–æ—á–Ω–æ–π, —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∫ –ø—Ä–µ–ª—é–±–æ–¥–µ—è–Ω–∏—é –∂–µ–Ω—â–∏–Ω—ã”. –û–Ω —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –æ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ “–ø–æ–¥–¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —ç—Ç–æ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—ã –±–µ—Å–ø—Ä–µ–∫–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ –ø–æ–≤–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∏–Ω–∫–∞–º –∏ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –∏—Ö –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —É–º–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ª—é–¥—å–º–∏, –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–º–∏ –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–æ–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º”.

–ó–∞–∫–æ–Ω—ã –∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª–∏ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —ç—Ñ—Ñ–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã, –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ–∫, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –≤–≤–µ–ª–∏ “—Å—ã–Ω–æ–≤—å—è –°–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞”, –≤ –∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ —Å–æ–±–ª—é–¥–∞–ª—Å—è –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –≤—Å–µ–º–∏, –∞ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –≤–∏–¥—ã –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π (–º–µ–ª–∫–æ–µ –≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –≥—Ä–∞–±–µ–∂–∏, –∫–æ—Ä—Ä—É–ø—Ü–∏—è, —É–±–∏–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞) –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏.

–ú–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—Ç—å—Å—è…

–ù–∞ –ì–ª–∞–≤–Ω—É—é