–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª–∏–∏ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–µ–≤–Ω—ã –®–ø–∏–ª–ª–µ—Ä

–ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª–∏—è –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –®–ø–∏–ª–ª–µ—Ä —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ –ö–∏–µ–≤–µ, –≤ —Å–µ–º—å–µ –∞—Ä—Ö–∏—Ç–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∞. –ï–µ –º–∞—Ç—å, –ú. –ù. –ü–æ–ª—è–∫–æ–≤–∞, –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π –æ–ø–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–π –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∫–æ–π. –î–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∏ —é–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–µ–≤–∏—Ü—ã –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–∏ –≤ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∞—Ç–º–æ—Å—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ. –°—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –≥–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π, —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Å–µ—â–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –¥–æ–º –µ–µ —Ä–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π, –±—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä—ã, –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç—ã, –ø–µ–≤—Ü—ã. –í—Å–µ —ç—Ç–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –≤–∫—É—Å–∞ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –¥–µ–≤–æ—á–∫–∏. –ñ–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ø–µ—Ç—å –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–æ—Å—å —É –Ω–µ–µ –µ—â–µ –≤ —Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–µ–º –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ. –û–Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª–∞ –≤ –ö–∏–µ–≤—Å–∫—É—é –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é –∏ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–µ –ê. –ù. –®–ø–µ—Ä–ª–∏–Ω–≥. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –®–ø–∏–ª–ª–µ—Ä –≤ —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–µ–∑–æ–Ω–æ–≤ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –ö—É–π–±—ã—à–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ –æ–ø–µ—Ä—ã –∏ –±–∞–ª–µ—Ç–∞, –∞ –≤ 1935 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª—Å—è –µ–µ –¥–µ–±—é—Ç –Ω–∞ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–µ –ë–æ–ª—å—à–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–°–°–†, —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞, —Å –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–∞ –≤—Å—è –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–∞—è —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–µ–≤–∏—Ü—ã.

–†–∞–∑–Ω–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–∏–µ –¥–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏–∫–∏, –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç–µ–º–±—Ä–∞ –≥–æ–ª–æ—Å–∞, –ø–æ–¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∑–º ‚Äî —ç—Ç–∏ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª–∏–ª–∏ –ø–µ–≤–∏—Ü–µ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å —É–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑—ã, –Ω–∞–π—Ç–∏ —Å–≤–æ–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—É—é, –∏–Ω–¥–∏–≤–∏–¥—É–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ü–∏—é –∏ –¥–∞–≤–Ω–æ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–π –≤ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö, —Ä–æ–ª–µ–π –≤ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ö —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤. –°—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –µ–µ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–π –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω–∞ –∏ –ò–æ–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–∞ –≤ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ö –ß–∞–π–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ “–ï–≤–≥–µ–Ω–∏–π –û–Ω–µ–≥–∏–Ω” –∏ “–ò–æ–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–∞”, –¢–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –≤ “–î–µ–º–æ–Ω–µ” –†—É–±–∏–Ω—à—Ç–µ–π–Ω–∞, –¶–∞—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∞-–õ–µ–±–µ–¥—å, –ú–∞—Ä—Ñ–∞ –∏ –û–ª—å–≥–∞ –≤ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ö –†–∏–º—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ-–ö–æ—Ä—Å–∞–∫–æ–≤–∞ “–°–∫–∞–∑–∫–∞ –æ —Ü–∞—Ä–µ –°–∞–ª—Ç–∞–Ω–µ”, “–¶–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –Ω–µ–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∞” –∏ “–ü—Å–∫–æ–≤–∏—Ç—è–Ω–∫–∞”, –ß–∏–æ-–ß–∏–æ-—Å–∞–Ω –≤ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –æ–ø–µ—Ä–µ –ü—É—á—á–∏–Ω–∏, –ì—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏–Ω—è –≤ “–°–≤–∞–¥—å–±–µ –§–∏–≥–∞—Ä–æ” –ú–æ—Ü–∞—Ä—Ç–∞, –ú–∞—Ä–≥–∞—Ä–∏—Ç–∞ –≤ “–§–∞—É—Å—Ç–µ” –ì—É–Ω–æ, –ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª—å—è –≤ “–¢–∏—Ö–æ–º –î–æ–Ω–µ” –î–∑–µ—Ä–∂–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –í—ã–¥–∞—é—â–∏–µ—Å—è –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –®–ø–∏–ª–ª–µ—Ä –≤ –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –≤–æ–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–π –ú–∞—Ç–∏–ª—å–¥—ã –≤ “–í–∏–ª—å–≥–µ–ª—å–º–µ –¢–µ–ª–ª–µ” –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–Ω–∏ –∏ –í–æ–ª—Ö–æ–≤—ã –≤ “–°–∞–¥–∫–æ” –†–∏–º—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ-–ö–æ—Ä—Å–∞–∫–æ–≤–∞ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–µ–Ω—ã –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–º–∏—è–º–∏ –°–°–°–†.

–ù–∞—Ç–∞–ª–∏–∏ –®–ø–∏–ª–ª–µ—Ä –ø–æ—Å—á–∞—Å—Ç–ª–∏–≤–∏–ª–æ—Å—å —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –∏–∑ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–∏ –ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∏–¥—ã –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–µ –æ–ø–µ—Ä—ã –ì–ª–∏–Ω–∫–∏ “–ò–≤–∞–Ω –°—É—Å–∞–Ω–∏–Ω” –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–µ (—Å –Ω–æ–≤—ã–º —Ç–µ–∫—Å—Ç–æ–º –ø–æ—ç—Ç–∞ –°. –ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ). –ü—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ, –∏—Å–∫—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, –≤–∑–≤–æ–ª–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ –∑–≤—É—á–∞–ª –µ–µ –≥–æ–ª–æ—Å, —è—Ä–∫–æ –∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∏–≤–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∞ –ø–µ–≤–∏—Ü–∞ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤ –∏ –≥–ª—É–±–∏–Ω—É —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–∞ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–µ–Ω—â–∏–Ω—ã. –û–±—Ä–∞–∑ –ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∏–¥—ã —Å—Ç–∞–ª –æ–¥–Ω–∏–º –∏–∑ –Ω–∞–∏–≤—ã—Å—à–∏—Ö –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π –ø–µ–≤–∏—Ü—ã –∏ –∞–∫—Ç—Ä–∏—Å—ã. –ü–µ–≤–∏—Ü–∞ –≤–µ–ª–∞ –æ–±—à–∏—Ä–Ω—É—é –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω—É—é –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –Ω–µ —Ä–∞–∑ –¥–µ–º–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä–∏—Ä—É—è —Å–≤–æ–µ –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤ –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –∫–∞–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ò –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –∏–∑—É–º–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ –∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ—Ç–µ –≥–æ–ª–æ—Å, —à–∫–æ–ª–∞, —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –¥–∏–∫—Ü–∏—è —Å–æ—á–µ—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å –ø–æ–¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä–æ–π, —Å –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –≤–æ–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∏—Å—É–Ω–∫–∞. –ï–µ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ª—é–±–∏–º–æ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è–º–∏, –µ–µ –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ –≤ –ê–≤—Å—Ç—Ä–∏–∏, –ü–æ–ª—å—à–µ, –ß–µ—Ö–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–∞–∫–∏–∏, –ë–æ–ª–≥–∞—Ä–∏–∏ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∞—Ö.

–° 1950 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –®–ø–∏–ª–ª–µ—Ä –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–æ–π. –î–æ–ª–≥–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã –æ–Ω–∞ –≤–æ–∑–≥–ª–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∞ –∫–∞—Ñ–µ–¥—Ä—É –æ–ø–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∫–∏ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ-–ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–µ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ì–Ω–µ—Å–∏–Ω—ã—Ö. –ü—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–æ—Ä –ù. –î. –®–ø–∏–ª–ª–µ—Ä –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–æ–º –æ–ø–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–π —Ç—Ä—É–ø–ø—ã –ë–æ–ª—å—à–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞ –°–°–°–†.