–†–æ–ª—å –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è –≤ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ XIX – –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ XX –≤–µ–∫–æ–≤

–ü–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–º —Å–∞–º–æ—É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –±—ã–ª–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∑–∞–¥–∞—á, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –æ–Ω–æ —Ä–µ—à–∞–ª–æ –Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ—Ç—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è. –í —Ü–µ–ª—è—Ö —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏—è –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å —Å–µ—Ç—å —à–∫–æ–ª –Ω–∏–∑—à–µ–π —Å—Ç—É–ø–µ–Ω–∏, –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–∏—Ç—å –∏—Ö –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ –∏ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ—Å–æ–±–∏—è–º–∏, —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –∫ –Ω–∏–º —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã, –ø–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∏—Ç—å —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫–∞–¥—Ä—ã. –ü–æ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É, –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π —Ç–∏–ø —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è – –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –±—ã–ª –±—ã –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∏ –≤ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω –∏ –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–µ–ø–æ–¥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –∏ –±—ã–ª –±—ã –±–ª–∏–∑–æ–∫ –∫ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏. –¢–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å, –æ–Ω —Å–º–æ–≥ –±—ã —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å –∫–∞–∫ –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–æ–º –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–æ–º, –ø–æ–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—â–∏–º –∏—Ö –Ω—É–∂–¥—ã –∏ –∑–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º—É –æ–Ω–∏ –±–µ–∑ –±–æ—è–∑–Ω–∏ –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ —Å —Ä–∞–¥–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –±—ã –æ—Ç–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π –Ω–∞ –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ.

–ù–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —É–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç—å –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ, – —ç—Ç–æ —Ç–∞ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å, –±–µ–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –Ω–µ–≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–≤–µ—Ç–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∏—Ö —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞, —É–ª—É—á—à–µ–Ω–∏—è, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –∏ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ. –°—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –∑–∞–¥–∞—á–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–ø–∞–≥–∞–Ω–¥—ã –∑–µ–º—Ü–∞–º–∏ —Ä–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ—Ö —É—Ä–æ–≤–Ω—è—Ö, —á—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ–≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –±–µ–∑ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞.. –°—Ç–æ–ª–∫–Ω—É–≤—à–∏—Å—å —Å–æ —Å—Ç–µ–Ω–æ–π –Ω–µ–ø–æ–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–µ–¥–æ–≤–µ—Ä–∏—è, –¥–∞–∂–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∏—è —Å–æ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –º–∞—Å—Å—ã –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–π –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏, –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø—ã—Ç–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –∏—Å–∫–∞—Ç—å –ø—É—Ç–∏ —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ù–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫—É—é –ø—Ä–æ—Å–≤–µ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫—É—é —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∏ –≤ —Ä–∞–º–∫–∞—Ö –≤–Ω–µ—à–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –æ—Ö–≤–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ –ª—é–¥–µ–π –Ω–µ —à–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞. –¢—É–¥–∞ –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫-—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–µ–Ω, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫, —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—â–∏—Ö –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω—É—é –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—É. –í —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤—ã–¥–≤–∏–≥–∞–ª–∏ –∫–∞–∫ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ –±–æ—Ä—å–±—ã —Å –ø—å—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º.

–í —Ä–∞–º–∫–∏ –≤–Ω–µ—à–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è —Å–æ –≤–∑—Ä–æ—Å–ª—ã–º –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –¥–ª—è –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–µ–≥—Ä–∞–º–æ—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—é, –ø–∏—Å—å–º—É –∏ —Å—á–µ—Ç—É, –¥–ª—è –∑–∞–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ–π–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫—É—Ä—Å–∞ —Å –º–∞–ª–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–æ—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å, —Å —Ç–µ–º–∏, –∫—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –¥–æ—É—á–∏–ª—Å—è –∏–ª–∏ –∑–∞–±—ã–ª, —á–µ–º—É —É—á–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ —Å–∏–ª—É –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–π –∏–ª–∏ –≤ —Å–∏–ª—É —á—Ä–µ–∑–≤—ã—á–∞–π–Ω–æ–π —Å–ª–∞–±–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —É—Ä–æ–∫–æ–≤, –∏ –¥–ª—è –∑–∞–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ—Å–≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–π –≤ –≤–∏–¥–µ –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∫—É—Ä—Å–æ–≤. –í –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∑–∞–¥–∞—á–∏ —Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –∏ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ª—é–¥—å–º–∏ –∏ –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –ø–æ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–º –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∞–º (–Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –≥–∏–≥–∏–µ–Ω–µ, –±–æ—Ä—å–±–µ —Å —ç–ø–∏–¥–µ–º–∏—è–º–∏, —Å –ø—å—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º, —Å —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤—Ä–µ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è–º–∏, –ø–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–æ–≤—ã–º –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥–∞–º –≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ —Ç.–ø.). –î–ª—è —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—É—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏—è –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–π –≤ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–µ –ª–µ–∫—Ü–∏–π, –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç–∞–º–∏, –ø–æ —ç—Ç–∏–º –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∞–º. –ö–Ω–∏–∂–Ω–∞—è —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª—è –∏ –∏–∑–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –¥–ª—è –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ü–æ–∑–∂–µ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–æ –∫ –∏–¥–µ–µ —à–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –º—É–∑–µ–µ–≤, –≤—ã—Å—Ç–∞–≤–æ–∫, –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª–µ–π, –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–æ–≤, –∫ –∏–¥–µ–µ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–æ–º–æ–≤.

–ó–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–ª–∏ —Å–≤–æ—é –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤ –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ –≤ –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∫–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –∑–≤–µ–Ω–∞. –í —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª–∏ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ –≤—Å–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞, —Ç—Ä–∞—Ç—è –ø–æ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞—à–Ω–∏–º –º–µ—Ä–∫–∞–º –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Å—É–º–º—ã. –í –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 1870-—Ö –≥–≥. —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–µ —à–∫–æ–ª—ã –ø–æ–≥–ª–æ—Ç–∏–ª–∏ 3/4 –≤—Å–µ—Ö –∞—Å—Å–∏–≥–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤ –Ω–∞ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ. –ê –ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 1870-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ –≤—Å—é —Å–≤–æ—é –∞—Å—Å–∏–≥–Ω–æ–≤–∫—É –Ω–∞ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ-—É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è. –í 1903 –≥–æ–¥—É —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥—ã –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤ –Ω–∞ –Ω–∏—Ö —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –ø–æ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—è–º: –ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ – 37,4%, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ – 22,6%, –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ 18,72%. –î–ª—è —Å—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è: —Å–∞–º—ã–π –º–µ–Ω—å—à–∏–π –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ–Ω—Ç –±—ã–ª —É –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ – 3%, —Å–∞–º—ã–π –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π – —É –ö–∞–ª—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ – 76%. –ü–æ –º–µ—Ä–µ –æ—Å–æ–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –º–∏—Å—Å–∏–∏ –≤ –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞, –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –∑–∞—Ç—Ä–∞—á–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–∞, –Ω–æ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–µ –∑–≤–µ–Ω–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞–ª–æ —Å—É–±—Å–∏–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è. –£—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–∏—Ö —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ö. –ü–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö —Ö–æ–¥–∞—Ç–∞–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞—Ö, –≤–æ–∑–±—É–∂–¥–∞–µ–º—ã—Ö –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –ø–æ –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∞–º —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π —à–∫–æ–ª—ã, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –æ–± –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∏ —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π, –æ–± —É—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –æ–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–µ–Ω–∏–π –≤ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –≤—ã—Å—à–∏–µ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â.

–í—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–æ–π –±—ã–ª–æ —Å—É–±—Å–∏–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö —à–∫–æ–ª –∏ —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —à–∫–æ–ª. –í–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö —Å–ª—É—á–∞—è—Ö —É–¥–æ–≤–ª–µ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–± –æ–± –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏–∏ –∏–ª–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö —à–∫–æ–ª –æ–±—É—Å–ª–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Å–æ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∞—Å—Å–∏–≥–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∏–ª–∏ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å—É–±—Å–∏–¥–∏–π, –Ω–æ —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω—ã —Å–∞–º–æ—É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫ 1914 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–ª–∏ 14 –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–π, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ 7 – –≤ —Å–µ–ª–∞—Ö, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –≤—ã–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–æ –ø–æ—Å–æ–±–∏—è –º—É–∂—Å–∫–∏–º –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—è–º. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤—ã–¥–µ–ª—è–ª–æ –ø–æ—Å–æ–±–∏—è —Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–∞–º –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ø–∞—Ä–∞–ª–ª–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π. –ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∞—è —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –≤ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –∑–≤–µ–Ω–∞ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è. –¢–∞–∫, –≤ 1908 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω–∞ –≤—ã–¥–µ–ª–∏–ª–∞ –ø–æ —Å–º–µ—Ç–µ 3000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π —Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º—É —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â—É –≤ –ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ –∏ 2000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π – –¥–≤—É–º –º—É–∂—Å–∫–∏–º –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—è–º –≤ —Ç–æ–º –∂–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –∫–∞–∑–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º —Å—á–µ—Ç—É. –¢–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∂–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω—ã 5783 —Ä—É–±. –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π –ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏ –∏ 2000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π —Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º—É —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â—É –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ –°–∞—Ä–∞–Ω—Å–∫–µ, –∑–∞ —Å—á–µ—Ç —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤. –í—ã–¥–µ–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ—Å–æ–±–∏—è —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –Ω–∞ –ø–∞—Ä–∞–ª–ª–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å—ã –ø—Ä–∏ –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—è—Ö.

–¢—Ä–µ—Ç—å–µ–π —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–æ–π –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏—è –≤ –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π —à–∫–æ–ª—ã —è–≤–ª—è–ª–∞—Å—å –≤—ã–¥–∞—á–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–æ–¥–∞ —Å—Ç–∏–ø–µ–Ω–¥–∏–π —É—á–∞—â–∏–º—Å—è —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π, –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–º —Å–ª—É–∂–∞—â–∏–º, –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–≤—à–∏—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –¥–ª—è –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏—Ö –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π. –ü—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º, –ª–∏—Ü–∞, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–≤—à–∏–µ —Å—Ç–∏–ø–µ–Ω–¥–∏–∏, –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø–æ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏–∏ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –∏–ª–∏ –æ—Ç—Å–ª—É–∂–∏—Ç—å –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —á–∏—Å–ª–æ –ª–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–ª—É–∂–±–µ, –∏–ª–∏ –≤ —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ä–æ–∫–∞ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ç –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–æ–≤ —Å–∞–º–æ—É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ü–ª–∞–Ω–æ–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ —Å—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –∑–≤–µ–Ω–∞ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥–Ω—É—Ç–∞. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤ 1902 –≥–æ–¥—É –∏–º–µ–ª–æ —Å—Ç–∏–ø–µ–Ω–¥–∏–∞—Ç–æ–≤ –≤ –≤–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–º –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–µ –∏ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–µ. –í 1915 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø—Ä–∏ –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∫–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω –ü–æ–ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç, –∞ –≤ –ø–∞–º—è—Ç—å –æ—Å–≤–æ–±–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω –±—ã–ª —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω –í—ã—Å—à–∏–π –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –ü–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª–æ —Å—Ç–∏–ø–µ–Ω–¥–∏–∞—Ç–æ–≤. –í –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—è—Ö —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ç–∏–ø–µ–Ω–¥–∏–∞—Ç—ã, –Ω–æ –¥–µ–ª–æ –ø–æ–º–æ—â–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏—é –≤—ã—Å—à–µ–≥–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –±—ã–ª–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–∞–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ö—É–∂–µ, —á–µ–º –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏.

–°—Ä–∞–∑—É –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏—Ö —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π —Å—Ç–∞–ª –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞—Ç—å –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å –æ –ø–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∫–µ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤ –≤ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç—è—Ö –∏—Ö –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ü—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è—Ö, –º–µ–¥–∏—Ü–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –∏ –≤–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–º –ø–µ—Ä—Å–æ–Ω–∞–ª–µ. –ù–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —à–∫–æ–ª—ã. –ó–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å–≤–æ–∏ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –∫–∞–∫ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∞—è —à–∫–æ–ª–∞ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏—Ö —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–µ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–µ, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è, –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è, –ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è —Ñ–µ–ª—å–¥—à–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ —à–∫–æ–ª—ã –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–æ–≤—É—é –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∫—É –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∏ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–º –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è–º.

–ù–∞ –ì–ª–∞–≤–Ω—É—é